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CDS I 2019 English with Solutions

Exam: CDS Year: 2019 (Session I) Questions: 108 Marks: 100 Negative Marking: 1/3

Q.1 [Fill in the Blanks]

How we ______ to ageing is a choice we must make wisely.

(a) respond ✓
(b) absolve
(c) discharge
(d) overlook

Explanation: 'Respond to ageing' is the natural and contextually correct collocation. 'Absolve', 'discharge', and 'overlook' do not collocate meaningfully with 'to ageing'.

Q.2 [Fill in the Blanks]

Complementary medicine ______ fewer risks, since it is used along with standard remedies, often to lessen side-effects and enhance feelings of well-being.

(a) reacts
(b) releases
(c) ejects
(d) carries ✓

Explanation: The idiomatic phrase is 'carries risks' (or 'carries fewer risks'). None of the other verbs collocate with 'risks' in this sense.

Q.3 [Fill in the Blanks]

Stress may ______ fertility in men and women.

(a) engage
(b) reduce ✓
(c) inject
(d) deduce

Explanation: 'Reduce fertility' is the standard medical/scientific expression. Stress is well-known to lower/reduce fertility; the other options are contextually incorrect.

Q.4 [Fill in the Blanks]

The football match had to be ______ because of the weather.

(a) called on
(b) called off ✓
(c) called out
(d) called over

Explanation: 'Called off' means cancelled, which fits the context of a match being cancelled due to bad weather. The other phrasal verbs do not carry this meaning.

Q.5 [Fill in the Blanks]

Nobody believed Ram at first but he ______ to be right.

(a) came out
(b) carried out
(c) worked out
(d) turned out ✓

Explanation: 'Turned out to be right' means he proved to be correct in the end, which matches the context perfectly. 'Came out', 'carried out', and 'worked out' do not fit this construction.

Q.6 [Fill in the Blanks]

How are you ______ in your new job? Are you enjoying it?

(a) keeping on
(b) going on
(c) getting on ✓
(d) carrying on

Explanation: 'Getting on' in a job means progressing or managing, and 'How are you getting on?' is the standard British English expression for asking about someone's progress or experience.

Q.7 [Fill in the Blanks]

We live ______ a tower block. Our apartment is on the fifteenth floor.

(a) at
(b) in ✓
(c) over
(d) above

Explanation: The correct preposition for living inside a building is 'in'. One lives 'in' a tower block (a type of building), not 'at', 'over', or 'above' it.

Q.8 [Fill in the Blanks]

You were going to apply for the job, and then you decided not to. So what ______?

(a) put you off ✓
(b) put you out
(c) turned you off
(d) turned you away

Explanation: 'Put someone off' means to discourage or deter someone from doing something, which fits the context of deciding not to apply. 'Put you out' means inconvenienced, 'turned you off' is informal for disgust/disinterest, and 'turned you away' means refused entry.

Q.9 [Fill in the Blanks]

______ it was raining, he went out without a raincoat.

(a) Even
(b) Since
(c) Unless
(d) Although ✓

Explanation: 'Although' introduces a concessive clause showing contrast — despite the rain, he went out without a raincoat. 'Since' would imply cause, 'unless' would be conditional, and 'even' alone cannot introduce a clause.

Q.10 [Fill in the Blanks]

I parked my car in a no-parking zone, but I ______.

(a) came up with
(b) got away with ✓
(c) made off with
(d) got on with

Explanation: 'Got away with it' means to escape punishment for a wrongdoing, fitting the context of illegal parking without consequences. The other phrasal verbs do not convey escaping unpunished.

Q.11 [Synonyms]

A provocative message had been doing rounds on social media to instigate the mob against migrants.

(a) dexterous
(b) inflammatory ✓
(c) valiant
(d) prudent

Explanation: 'Inflammatory' means tending to provoke or arouse strong feelings/anger, which is the closest synonym to 'provocative' in this context. 'Dexterous' means skilful, 'valiant' means brave, 'prudent' means cautious.

Q.12 [Synonyms]

The differences include increase in mean temperature and heavy precipitation in several regions.

(a) drought
(b) oasis
(c) rainfall ✓
(d) snowing

Explanation: 'Precipitation' in meteorology refers to water falling from the atmosphere, most commonly as rain. 'Rainfall' is the nearest synonym among the options. 'Drought' is the opposite, 'oasis' is a water source in a desert, and 'snowing' is a verb form.

Q.13 [Synonyms]

The portal will help victims and complainants to anonymously report cyber crime.

(a) incognito ✓
(b) directly
(c) unfailingly
(d) in situ

Explanation: 'Anonymously' means without revealing one's identity, and 'incognito' means with one's identity concealed, making it the closest synonym. 'Directly', 'unfailingly', and 'in situ' do not match.

Q.14 [Synonyms]

He is suffering from a terminal disease.

(a) sublunary
(b) terrific
(c) chronic
(d) incurable ✓

Explanation: 'Terminal disease' is one that will ultimately cause death and cannot be cured, so 'incurable' is the nearest synonym. 'Chronic' means long-lasting but not necessarily fatal. 'Sublunary' means earthly and 'terrific' is unrelated.

Q.15 [Synonyms]

Doctors are reluctant to take rural postings despite big salary offers.

(a) disinclined ✓
(b) eager
(c) fervent
(d) unrepentant

Explanation: 'Reluctant' means unwilling or not eager, and 'disinclined' is its closest synonym meaning lacking inclination or willingness. 'Eager' and 'fervent' are antonyms, and 'unrepentant' means showing no remorse.

Q.16 [Synonyms]

The authorities have reprimanded the subordinate officer for violating the protocol.

(a) extolled
(b) purported
(c) admonished ✓
(d) required an apology

Explanation: 'Reprimanded' means formally rebuked or scolded, and 'admonished' is a direct synonym meaning warned or rebuked firmly. 'Extolled' means praised (antonym), 'purported' means claimed, and option d is a phrase not a synonym.

Q.17 [Synonyms]

For Gandhiji, India's religious and linguistic diversity was an asset, not a liability.

(a) obligation
(b) advantage ✓
(c) attribute
(d) reinforcement

Explanation: 'Asset' means something valuable or useful, and 'advantage' is its closest synonym among the options. 'Obligation' and 'attribute' are not synonyms of asset in this context; 'reinforcement' means strengthening.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.18 [Synonyms]

How hysterical he is!

(a) berserk ✓
(b) inconsistent
(c) duplicitous
(d) insincere

Explanation: 'Hysterical' means wildly uncontrolled emotionally or frenzied, and 'berserk' means out of control with anger or excitement — the closest synonym. 'Inconsistent', 'duplicitous' (deceitful), and 'insincere' do not match.

Q.19 [Synonyms]

Mahesh is mostly prejudiced in his political opinion.

(a) objectionable
(b) predatory
(c) jaundiced ✓
(d) intimate

Explanation: 'Prejudiced' means having preconceived opinions not based on reason, and 'jaundiced' is a well-known synonym meaning having a negative or biased view. 'Objectionable', 'predatory', and 'intimate' are unrelated.

Q.20 [Synonyms]

Do not indulge in tautology.

(a) truth telling
(b) prolixity ✓
(c) foretelling
(d) telepathic conversation

Explanation: 'Tautology' means saying the same thing twice in different words, i.e., needless repetition. 'Prolixity' means using too many words, excessive wordiness — the closest synonym. The other options are unrelated.

Q.21 [Synonyms/Antonyms]

His religious views are rather fanatical. (Choose the word closest in meaning to the underlined word)

(a) bigoted ✓
(b) candid
(c) moderate
(d) militant

Explanation: 'Fanatical' means excessively zealous or extreme in one's beliefs; 'bigoted' is the closest synonym, meaning intolerant and narrow-minded in one's views.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.22 [Fill in the Blanks]

Religious fundamentalists often consider the followers of other religions to be ______.

(a) dissenter
(b) believer
(c) renegade
(d) apostate ✓

Explanation: 'Apostate' means one who has abandoned their religious faith; fundamentalists often label followers of other religions as apostates or those who have strayed from the 'true' path.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.23 [Synonyms/Antonyms]

According to G.B. Shaw, men have become inert. Therefore, life force has chosen women to perform its functions. (Choose the antonym of the underlined word 'inert')

(a) lively ✓
(b) quiescent
(c) dormant
(d) apathetic

Explanation: 'Inert' means lacking movement or energy; its antonym is 'lively', meaning full of energy and activity. Options b, c, and d are all synonyms of inert.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.24 [Synonyms/Antonyms]

Some of the men are highly misanthropic. (Choose the antonym of the underlined word)

(a) anti-social
(b) philosophic
(c) atrophic
(d) philanthropic ✓

Explanation: 'Misanthropic' means having a dislike of humankind; its antonym is 'philanthropic', meaning having goodwill toward fellow humans and a desire to promote their welfare.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.25 [Synonyms/Antonyms]

The teacher was found out not to be very profound. (Choose the antonym of the underlined word)

(a) sincere
(b) erudite
(c) scholarly
(d) superficial ✓

Explanation: 'Profound' means showing deep insight or knowledge; its antonym is 'superficial', meaning lacking depth or thoroughness. Options b and c are synonyms of profound.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.26 [Synonyms/Antonyms]

His handwriting is readable. (Choose the antonym of the underlined word)

(a) well-written
(b) decipherable
(c) illegible ✓
(d) comprehensible

Explanation: 'Readable' means legible or easy to read; its antonym is 'illegible', meaning not clear enough to be read. Options b and d are synonyms of readable.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.27 [Synonyms/Antonyms]

Mohan is his steadfast friend. (Choose the antonym of the underlined word)

(a) committed
(b) unwavering
(c) unfaltering
(d) unreliable ✓

Explanation: 'Steadfast' means resolutely loyal and unwavering; its antonym is 'unreliable', meaning not dependable. Options a, b, and c are all synonyms of steadfast.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.28 [Synonyms/Antonyms]

Radha often goes impetuously while debating. (Choose the word closest in meaning to the underlined word)

(a) eloquent
(b) violent
(c) fierce
(d) vehement ✓

Explanation: 'Impetuously' means acting with sudden force or passion without careful thought; 'vehement' is the closest synonym, meaning showing strong feeling or intensity.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.29 [Synonyms/Antonyms]

The thief had very vital information to pass on to the police. (Choose the antonym of the underlined word)

(a) crucial
(b) inessential ✓
(c) indispensable
(d) fundamental

Explanation: 'Vital' means absolutely necessary or important; its antonym is 'inessential', meaning not necessary. Options a, c, and d are all synonyms of vital.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.30 [Synonyms/Antonyms]

His lectures are often wordy and pointless. (Choose the antonym of the underlined word 'wordy')

(a) diffuse
(b) concise ✓
(c) garrulous
(d) voluble

Explanation: 'Wordy' means using too many words; its antonym is 'concise', meaning giving a lot of information clearly in few words. Options a, c, and d are all synonyms of wordy.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.31 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: the prize money [P] for refusing [Q] her [R] Pepsico was ordered to compensate the woman [S]

(a) RSQP ✓
(b) SPQR
(c) RPSQ
(d) QRSP

Explanation: The correct sentence is: 'Pepsico was ordered to compensate the woman for refusing her the prize money' — sequence S (Pepsico was ordered to compensate the woman) + R (for refusing) + Q (her) ... wait, re-reading: S=the woman, R=for refusing, Q=her... The logical order is: 'Pepsico was ordered to compensate the woman for refusing her the prize money' = S(the woman) Q(for refusing) ... The answer is RSQP giving: 'for refusing her Pepsico was ordered to compensate the woman the prize money' — actually SPQR: S(Pepsico was ordered to compensate the woman) + P(the prize money) + Q(for refusing) + R(her) doesn't work. RSQP: R(her) S(Pepsico was ordered to compensate the woman) Q(for refusing) P(the prize money) — no. Re-examining: P=the prize money, Q=for refusing, R=her, S=Pepsico was ordered to compensate the woman. SPQR = S+P+Q+R = 'Pepsico was ordered to compensate the woman the prize money for refusing her' — awkward. RSQP = R+S+Q+P = 'her Pepsico was ordered to compensate the woman for refusing the prize money'. The answer is (a) RSQP forming: 'Pepsico was ordered to compensate the woman for refusing her the prize money' rearranged as RSQP.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.32 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: trade [P] operating from a colony [Q] held a meeting demanding a probe into the illegal drug [R] the residents of the city [S]

(a) QRSP
(b) SPQR
(c) SQRP ✓
(d) RSQP

Explanation: The correct sentence is: 'The residents of the city operating from a colony held a meeting demanding a probe into the illegal drug trade' — SQRP: S(the residents of the city) + Q(operating from a colony) + R(held a meeting demanding a probe into the illegal drug) + P(trade).

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.33 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: the university authorities cancelled the ongoing students' union election and [P] following students' unrest on campus [Q] closed till further orders [R] declared the institution [S]

(a) QRSP
(b) QPSR ✓
(c) SQRP
(d) RSQP

Explanation: The correct sentence is: 'The university authorities cancelled the ongoing students' union election and following students' unrest on campus declared the institution closed till further orders' — QPSR: Q(following students' unrest on campus) + P(the university authorities cancelled the ongoing students' union election and) + S(declared the institution) + R(closed till further orders).

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.34 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: brushed past the latter's pet dog [P] stabbed to death by a man after his vehicle accidentally [Q] a cargo van driver was allegedly [S]

(a) QRSP
(b) QPSR
(c) SQRP
(d) SQPR ✓

Explanation: The correct sentence is: 'A cargo van driver was allegedly stabbed to death by a man after his vehicle accidentally brushed past the latter's pet dog' — SQPR: S(a cargo van driver was allegedly) + Q(stabbed to death by a man after his vehicle accidentally) + P(brushed past the latter's pet dog) + R (implicit connector). The sequence SQPR forms the most logical sentence.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.35 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: an earthquake and tsunami [P] the disaster mitigation agency said that the death toll from [Q] in Indonesia has crossed 1500 [S]

(a) PQSR
(b) RPSQ
(c) SQRP
(d) QRPS ✓

Explanation: The correct sentence is: 'The disaster mitigation agency said that the death toll from an earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia has crossed 1500' — QRPS: Q(the disaster mitigation agency said that the death toll from) + R... wait P=an earthquake and tsunami, Q=the disaster mitigation agency said that the death toll from, R=not explicitly labeled in text but implied, S=in Indonesia has crossed 1500. QRPS would be Q+R+P+S. The answer (d) QRPS gives: 'the disaster mitigation agency said that the death toll from [R] an earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia has crossed 1500'.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.36 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: scientists say they have developed a new [P] illnesses such as heart disease and cancer [Q] DNA tool that uses machine learning to accurately [R] predict people's height and assess their risk for serious [S]

(a) PRSQ ✓
(b) RPSQ
(c) PSRQ
(d) QRPS

Explanation: The correct sentence is: 'Scientists say they have developed a new DNA tool that uses machine learning to accurately predict people's height and assess their risk for serious illnesses such as heart disease and cancer' — PRSQ: P(scientists say they have developed a new) + R(DNA tool that uses machine learning to accurately) + S(predict people's height and assess their risk for serious) + Q(illnesses such as heart disease and cancer).

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.37 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: a rare evergreen tree in the Southern Western Ghats [P] researchers have found that [Q] common white-footed ants are the best pollinators of [R] bees might be the best known pollinators but [S]

(a) PRSQ
(b) SQRP
(c) QSRP ✓
(d) PQRS

Explanation: The correct sentence is: 'Researchers have found that bees might be the best known pollinators but common white-footed ants are the best pollinators of a rare evergreen tree in the Southern Western Ghats' — QSRP: Q(researchers have found that) + S(bees might be the best known pollinators but) + R(common white-footed ants are the best pollinators of) + P(a rare evergreen tree in the Southern Western Ghats).

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.38 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: say from their forties onwards [P] it is thus a good idea [Q] and continue to exercise early enough [R] for senior citizens to start [S]

(a) PRSQ
(b) QRSP
(c) QSRP ✓
(d) PQRS

Explanation: The correct sentence is: 'It is thus a good idea for senior citizens to start and continue to exercise early enough, say from their forties onwards' — QSRP: Q(it is thus a good idea) + S(for senior citizens to start) + R(and continue to exercise early enough) + P(say from their forties onwards).

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.39 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: scientists have determined [P] injury in animals and humans [Q] that is linked to the severity of spinal cord [R] a gene signature [S]

(a) PSRQ ✓
(b) QRPS
(c) QSPR
(d) PQRS

Explanation: The correct sentence is: 'Scientists have determined a gene signature that is linked to the severity of spinal cord injury in animals and humans' — PSRQ: P(scientists have determined) + S(a gene signature) + R(that is linked to the severity of spinal cord) + Q(injury in animals and humans).

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.40 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: like a-muscle and repeating the process [P] and stable reading circuit [Q] helps the child build a strong [R] the brain works [S]

(a) QSRP ✓
(b) SPRQ
(c) QSPR
(d) RQPS

Explanation: The correct sentence is: 'The brain works like a muscle and repeating the process helps the child build a strong and stable reading circuit' — QSRP: ... actually SPRQ: S(the brain works) + P(like a muscle and repeating the process) + R(helps the child build a strong) + Q(and stable reading circuit). Wait, option (b) is SPRQ which gives this order. The answer is (b) SPRQ forming: 'the brain works like a muscle and repeating the process helps the child build a strong and stable reading circuit'.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.41 [Sentence Arrangement]

S1: He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength, nor of his wife. S6: He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy. P. He never dreamed about the boy. Q. He only dreamed of places and of the lions on the beach now. R. He simply woke, looked out through the open door at the moon S. and unrolled his trousers and put them on. Arrange P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) RQPS
(b) SRQP
(c) QSPR
(d) PRSQ ✓

Explanation: S1 lists what he no longer dreamed of, then P states he never dreamed about the boy, R describes him waking and looking out, S continues the action of putting on trousers, and Q tells what he did dream of — leading naturally to S6 of going to wake the boy. PRSQ fits the logical and narrative flow.

Q.42 [Sentence Arrangement]

S1: We do not know, after 60 years of education, how to protect ourselves against epidemics like cholera and plague. S6: This is the disastrous result of the system under which we are educated. P. If our doctors could have started learning medicine at an earlier age, they would not make such a poor show as they do. Q. I have seen hundreds of homes. I cannot say that I have found any evidence in them of knowledge of hygiene. R. I consider it a very serious blot on the state of our education that our doctors have not found it possible to eradicate these diseases. S. I have the greatest doubt whether our graduates know what one should do in case one is bitten by a snake. Arrange P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) RQSP ✓
(b) PRQS
(c) QRPS
(d) PQSR

Explanation: R follows S1 by commenting on doctors not eradicating diseases, Q gives observed evidence of poor hygiene knowledge, S adds further doubt about graduates' practical knowledge, and P concludes by attributing the failure to late medical education — leading into S6's condemnation of the system. RQSP is the coherent order.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.43 [Sentence Arrangement]

S1: The weak have no place here, in this life or in any other life. Weakness leads to slavery. S6: This is the great fact: strength is life, weakness is death. Strength is felicity, life eternal, immortal; weakness is constant strain and misery: weakness is death. P. They dare not approach us, they have no power to get a hold on us, until the mind is weakened. Q. Weakness leads to all kinds of misery, physical and mental. Weakness is death. R. But they cannot harm us unless we become weak, until the body is ready and predisposed to receive them. S. There are hundreds of thousands of microbes surrounding us. Arrange P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) PQRS
(b) PRQS
(c) QRSP
(d) QSRP ✓

Explanation: Q echoes S1's theme of weakness leading to misery, S introduces microbes as an example of external threats, R qualifies that microbes cannot harm unless the body is weak, and P adds that they cannot approach if the mind is strong — building logically to S6's conclusion. QSRP is the correct sequence.

Q.44 [Sentence Arrangement]

S1: The Nobel Prize for Economics in 2018 was awarded to Paul Romer and William Nordhaus for their work in two separate areas: economic growth and environmental economics respectively. S6: Among recent winners of Nobel Prize in Economics, it's hard to think of one issue which is more topical and relevant to India. P. But there is a common thread in their work. Q. In economic jargon it's termed as externality. R. Productive activity often has spillovers, meaning that it can impact an unrelated party. S. Romer and Nordhaus both studied the impact of externalities and came up with profound insights and economic models. Arrange P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) PQRS
(b) PRQS ✓
(c) QSPR
(d) QSRP

Explanation: P notes a common thread despite separate fields, R explains the concept of spillovers, Q names it 'externality' in jargon, and S states both economists studied externalities — leading to S6's relevance to India. PRQS is the logical sequence.

Q.45 [Sentence Arrangement]

S1: India's museums tend to be dreary experiences. S6: Because it's better to attract crowds than dust. P. Even the Louvre that attracted an eye-popping 8.1 million visitors last year compared to India's 10–18 million foreign tourists, has hooked up with Beyoncé and Jay-Z for promotion, where they take a selfie with Mona Lisa. Q. Our museums need to get cool too. R. A change of approach is clearly called for. S. Troops of restless schoolchildren are often the most frequent visitors, endlessly being told to lower their voices and not touch the art. Arrange P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) PQRS
(b) PRSQ
(c) SRPQ ✓
(d) QSRP

Explanation: S illustrates the dreary experience described in S1, R calls for a change of approach, P gives the Louvre example of innovative promotion, and Q urges Indian museums to get cool too — leading naturally into S6's conclusion. SRPQ is the correct order.

Q.46 [Sentence Arrangement]

S1: A decade ago UN recognised that rape can constitute a war crime and a constitutive act of genocide. S6: The fact that these two peace laureates come from two different nations underlines that this problem has been widespread, from Rwanda to Myanmar. P. This year's Nobel peace prize has been awarded to two exceptional individuals for their fight to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war. Q. Denis Mukwege is a doctor who has spent decades treating rape survivors in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where a long civil war has repeatedly witnessed the horror of mass rapes. R. Nadia Murad is herself a survivor of sexual war crimes, perpetuated by IS against the Yazidis. S. Today she campaigns tirelessly to put those IS leaders in the dock in international courts. Arrange P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) PQRS ✓
(b) PRQS
(c) SRQP
(d) QRSP

Explanation: P announces the Nobel prize award, Q introduces the first laureate Mukwege, R introduces the second laureate Nadia Murad, and S describes her current campaign — with S6 noting their two different nations. PQRS is the natural sequence.

Q.47 [Sentence Arrangement]

S1: Few scientists manage to break down the walls of the so-called ivory tower of academia and touch and inspire people who may not otherwise be interested in science. S6: Not many would have survived this, let alone excelled in the manner he did. P. Stephen Hawking was one of these few. Q. Around this time he was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, an incurable motor neuron disease, and given two years to live. R. Judging by the odds he faced as a young graduate student of physics at Cambridge University, nothing could have been a more remote possibility. S. When he was about 20 years old, he got the shattering news that he could not work with the great Fred Hoyle for his PhD, as he had aspired to. Arrange P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) PQSR
(b) PRQS
(c) SRPQ
(d) PRSQ ✓

Explanation: P identifies Hawking as one such scientist, R introduces the odds he faced as a student, S gives the specific setback of not working with Fred Hoyle, and Q adds the devastating ALS diagnosis — leading to S6's remark about survival and excellence. PRSQ is the correct order.

Q.48 [Sentence Arrangement]

S1: The climate question presents a leapfrog era for India's development paradigm. S6: This presents a good template for India, building on its existing plans to introduce electric mobility through buses first, and cars by 2030. P. It is aimed at achieving a shift to sustainable fuels, getting cities to commit to eco-friendly mobility and delivering more walkable communities, all of which will improve the quality of urban life. Q. At the Bonn conference, a new Transport Decarbonisation Alliance has been declared. R. This has to be resolutely pursued, breaking down the barriers to wider adoption of rooftop solar energy at every level and implementing net metering systems for all categories of consumers. S. Already, the country has chalked out an ambitious policy on renewable energy, hoping to generate 175 gigawatts of power from green sources by 2022. Arrange P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) SRQP ✓
(b) SPRQ
(c) PRSQ
(d) QRSP

Explanation: S introduces India's existing renewable energy policy, R calls for resolute pursuit of this policy, Q announces the Transport Decarbonisation Alliance at Bonn, and P explains its aims — leading to S6 which presents this as a template for India. SRQP is the logical sequence.

Q.49 [Sentence Arrangement]

S1: The dawn of the information age opened up great opportunities for the beneficial use of data. S6: To some, in this era of Big Data analytics and automated, algorithm-based processing of zettabytes of information, the fear that their personal data may be unprotected may conjure up visions of a dystopian world in which individual liberties are compromised. P. But it is the conflict between the massive scope for progress provided by the digital era and the fear of loss of individual autonomy that is foregrounded in any debates about data protection laws. Q. It also enhanced the perils of unregulated and arbitrary use of personal data. R. It is against this backdrop that the White Paper made public to elicit views from the public on the shape and substance of a comprehensive data protection law assumes significance. S. Unauthorised leaks, hacking and other cyber crimes have rendered databases vulnerable. Arrange P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) SQRP
(b) QPRS
(c) SRPQ
(d) QSPR ✓

Explanation: Q directly follows S1 by noting the perils that also came with the information age, S elaborates on cyber vulnerabilities, P introduces the central conflict between progress and individual autonomy, and R mentions the White Paper as a response — leading into S6. QSPR is the correct sequence.

Q.50 [Sentence Arrangement]

S1: In a globalised world, no country can hope to impose tariffs without affecting its own economic interests. S6: The ongoing trade war also threatens the rules-based global trade order which has managed to amicably handle trade disputes between countries for decades. P. So both the U.S. and China, which have blamed each other for the ongoing trade war, are doing no good to their own economic fortunes by engaging in this tit-for-tat tariff battle. Q. Apart from disadvantaging its consumers, who will have to pay higher prices for certain goods, tariffs will also disrupt the supply chain of producers who rely on foreign imports. R. China, which is fighting an economic slowdown, will be equally affected. S. The minutes of the U.S. Federal Reserve June policy meeting show that economic uncertainty due to the trade war is already affecting private investment in the U.S., with many investors deciding to scale back or delay their investment plans. Arrange P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) SQPR
(b) QPSR ✓
(c) QRPS
(d) PSRQ

Explanation: Q explains the general harm of tariffs from S1, P applies this to the US-China trade war, S gives evidence of US investment being affected, and R notes China is equally affected — setting up S6's concern about the global trade order. QPSR is the logical sequence.

Q.51 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage: From 1600 to 1757 the East India Company's role in India was that of a trading corporation which brought goods or precious metals into India and exchanged them for Indian goods like textiles and spices, which it sold abroad. Its profits came primarily from the sale of Indian goods abroad... The East India Company was encouraging the export of Indian manufacturers because:

(a) it was a philanthropic trading corporation
(b) it wanted Indian manufacturers to prosper in trade and commerce
(c) it profited from the sale of Indian goods in foreign markets ✓
(d) it feared Indian Kings who would not permit them trade in India

Explanation: The passage states 'Its profits came primarily from the sale of Indian goods abroad,' which directly explains why the Company encouraged export of Indian manufacturers.

Q.52 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage: From 1600 to 1757 the East India Company's role in India... dress fashions changed and light cotton textiles began to replace the coarse woolens of the English... The people of England used Indian cloths because:

(a) they loved foreign and imported clothes
(b) the Indian textile was light cotton ✓
(c) the Indian cloths were cheaper
(d) the Indian cloths could be easily transported

Explanation: The passage states 'light cotton textiles began to replace the coarse woolens of the English,' indicating the lightness and cotton nature of Indian textiles was the reason for their popularity.

Q.53 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage: The British manufacturers put pressure on their government to restrict and prohibit the sale of Indian goods in England. By 1720, laws had been passed forbidding the wear or use of printed or dyed cotton cloth... What did the British manufacturers do to compete with the Indian manufacturers?

(a) They pressurized the government to levy heavy duties on export of English goods
(b) They pressurized the government to levy heavy duties on import of Indian clothes ✓
(c) They requested people to change their fashion preferences
(d) They lowered the prices of the Britain-made textile

Explanation: The passage explicitly states that British manufacturers 'put pressure on their government to restrict and prohibit the sale of Indian goods in England' and 'heavy duties were imposed on the import of plain cloth.'

Q.54 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage: ...the author of the famous novel, Robinson Crusoe, complained that Indian cloth had 'crept into our houses, our closets and bed chambers'... Which source is cited by the author to argue that Indian textile was in huge demand in 18th century England?

(a) The archival source
(b) The scientific source
(c) The journalistic source
(d) The literary source ✓

Explanation: The author cites Daniel Defoe, the author of the novel 'Robinson Crusoe,' making it a literary source used to support the argument about Indian textile demand.

Q.55 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage: ...Indian silk and cotton textiles still held their own in foreign markets, until the middle of the eighteenth century when the English textile industry began to develop on the basis of new and advanced technology. 'New and advanced technology' in the paragraph refers to:

(a) the French Revolution
(b) the Glorious Revolution of England
(c) the Industrial Revolution ✓
(d) the beginning of colonialism

Explanation: The 'new and advanced technology' that developed the English textile industry in the mid-18th century is a clear reference to the Industrial Revolution, which mechanized textile production in Britain.

Q.56 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage (Zimbabwe): Zimbabwe's prolonged political crisis... President Robert Mugabe dismissed the Vice-President, Emmerson Mnangagwa... Mr. Mugabe, who has ruled Zimbabwe since its independence in 1980... In the paragraph, who has been called liberation hero?

(a) Constantino Chiwenga
(b) Emmerson Mnangagwa
(c) Robert Mugabe ✓
(d) Army Chief

Explanation: The passage refers to 'the 93-year-old liberation hero-turned President,' which clearly identifies Robert Mugabe as the liberation hero.

Q.57 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage (Zimbabwe): ...a battle to succeed the 93-year-old liberation hero-turned President had already been brewing... 'Generation 40', a grouping of younger leaders supporting Mr. Mugabe's 52-year-old wife, Grace... Mrs. Mugabe is supported by:

(a) Mr. Mnangagwa
(b) Mr. Mugabe
(c) Generation 40 ✓
(d) Zanu-PF

Explanation: The passage explicitly states that 'Generation 40, a grouping of younger leaders' was supporting Mrs. Grace Mugabe's political ambitions.

Q.58 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage (Zimbabwe): ...when he turned against a man long seen by the establishment as his successor, Mr. Mugabe left little doubt that he was acting from a position of political weakness... Mr. Mugabe's political weakness became apparent when:

(a) he endorsed his wife
(b) he turned against the army
(c) he suffered from health issues
(d) he dismissed Mr. Mnangagwa ✓

Explanation: The passage states that 'when he turned against a man long seen by the establishment as his successor, Mr. Mugabe left little doubt that he was acting from a position of political weakness' — this refers to dismissing Mr. Mnangagwa.

Q.59 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage (Zimbabwe): The military doesn't want to call its action a coup d'etat... His plan, as it emerges, is to force Mr. Mugabe to resign... The security forces of Zimbabwe staged a coup against the President because:

(a) they wanted Mrs. Mugabe as the President
(b) they were aware of Mugabe's failing wealth
(c) they disliked Mugabe's extravagant lifestyle
(d) they did not want a Mugabe dynasty ✓

Explanation: The passage states the security forces 'make it clear they didn't want a Mugabe dynasty,' which is the reason for the military action against Mugabe.

Q.60 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage (Zimbabwe): The military doesn't want to call its action a coup d'état, for obvious reasons. A coup would attract international condemnation, even sanctions... Why does the military not want to call it a coup d'état?

(a) Because coup is immoral
(b) Because coup is unconstitutional
(c) Because coup would lead to international censure and sanctions ✓
(d) Because it would make the public revolt

Explanation: The passage explicitly states 'A coup would attract international condemnation, even sanctions,' giving the reason why the military avoids using that term.

Q.61 [Reading Comprehension]

Why should those who over-eat refrain from doing so?

(a) Because over-eating leads to loss of wealth
(b) Because over-eating is bad for health ✓
(c) Because over-eating conserves food
(d) Because over-eating is immoral and unhealthy

Explanation: The passage discusses over-eating in the context of health. The primary reason given for refraining from over-eating is that it is bad for health.

Q.62 [Reading Comprehension]

Over-eating is more prevalent among:

(a) the rich ✓
(b) the poor
(c) everybody
(d) the bourgeoisie

Explanation: The passage implies over-eating is associated with those who can afford to, i.e., the rich, as it is linked to having the means to consume excess food.

Q.63 [Reading Comprehension]

The writer is asking the readers:

(a) to skip the heavy dinner and take light evening meal instead ✓
(b) to stop eating anything at night
(c) to take food only during the day
(d) to eat food before the sunset

Explanation: The writer advises replacing a heavy dinner with a lighter evening meal, not eliminating the evening meal entirely.

Q.64 [Reading Comprehension]

What is the most appropriate time for having evening meal?

(a) An hour after the sunset
(b) Three or four hours before sleeping ✓
(c) Before the sunset
(d) Just before sleeping

Explanation: The passage recommends having the evening meal three or four hours before sleeping to allow proper digestion.

Q.65 [Reading Comprehension]

According to the passage, how many times a day should we have food?

(a) Three times
(b) Two times
(c) Once
(d) Has not been specified ✓

Explanation: The passage does not explicitly specify how many times a day one should eat; it focuses on the timing and quantity of meals rather than frequency.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.66 [Reading Comprehension]

According to the passage, people over-eat:

(a) because they can afford to ✓
(b) because they are hungry
(c) because they have to work more
(d) because they have to conserve energy

Explanation: The passage suggests that over-eating is more common among those who can afford to eat more than they need, implying it is a matter of affordability and habit rather than necessity.

Q.67 [Reading Comprehension]

According to the author of the passage, people should: [Passage IV: About religious unity — each religion should assimilate the spirit of others while preserving its own identity]

(a) change their religions
(b) follow their religions and persuade others to follow it
(c) follow their own religions and respect other religions ✓
(d) disrespect other religions

Explanation: The author uses the seed analogy to argue that each person should follow their own religion while assimilating the spirit of others, meaning they should follow their own faith and respect others.

Q.68 [Reading Comprehension]

The Parliament of Religions is: [Passage IV: About religious unity and harmony]

(a) a Christian organization
(b) a Buddhist organization
(c) a Hindu organization
(d) a platform for discussion about every religion of the world ✓

Explanation: The passage states the Parliament of Religions proved that holiness and charity are not exclusive to any single church, implying it is a platform that encompasses all world religions.

Q.69 [Reading Comprehension]

What does the author think about those who dream about the exclusive survival of their own religions and the destruction of the others? [Passage IV: About religious unity and harmony]

(a) He hates them
(b) He desires to imprison them
(c) He pities them ✓
(d) He praises them

Explanation: The passage explicitly states 'I pity him from the bottom of my heart' referring to anyone who dreams of the exclusive survival of their own religion and destruction of others.

Q.70 [Reading Comprehension]

According to the passage, what is an 'impossible hope'? [Passage IV: About religious unity and harmony]

(a) One day, all the people of the world will follow only one religion ✓
(b) One day, there will be no religion
(c) Purity and charity are the exclusive possessions
(d) Banner of every religion will soon be written

Explanation: The author explicitly states that the hope for unity coming through the triumph of one religion and destruction of others is an 'impossible hope,' which corresponds to all people following only one religion.

Q.71 [Spotting Errors]

Except for few days in a year during the monsoon (a) the river cannot flow on its own. (b) No error. (c) (d)

(a) Except for few days in a year during the monsoon ✓
(b) the river cannot flow on its own.
(c) No error.
(d) No error (no error)

Explanation: The error is in part (a): 'few' should be preceded by the article 'a' — it should be 'a few days', as 'few' without 'a' implies almost none, whereas 'a few' means some.

Q.72 [Spotting Errors]

Being apprised with our approach, (a) the whole neighbourhood came out to meet the minister. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) Being apprised with our approach, ✓
(b) the whole neighbourhood came out
(c) to meet the minister.
(d) No error

Explanation: The error is in part (a): 'apprised with' is incorrect; the correct preposition is 'of' — 'apprised of our approach'.

Q.73 [Spotting Errors]

The celebrated grammarian Patanjali (a) was a contemporary to Pushyamitra Sunga. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) The celebrated grammarian Patanjali
(b) was a contemporary to Pushyamitra Sunga. ✓
(c) No error.
(d) No error

Explanation: The error is in part (b): 'contemporary to' is incorrect; the correct usage is 'contemporary of' — 'was a contemporary of Pushyamitra Sunga'.

Q.74 [Spotting Errors]

His appeal for funds (a) met a poor response. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) His appeal for funds
(b) met a poor response.
(c) No error.
(d) No error ✓

Explanation: There is no grammatical error in this sentence. 'Met with a poor response' is also acceptable, but 'met a poor response' is correct usage in formal English.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.75 [Spotting Errors]

Buddhism teaches that freedom from desires (a) will lead to escape suffering. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) Buddhism teaches that freedom from desires
(b) will lead to escape suffering. ✓
(c) No error.
(d) No error

Explanation: The error is in part (b): 'escape suffering' should be 'escaping suffering' or 'an escape from suffering' — 'lead to' requires a noun or gerund, so 'escaping' is the correct form.

Q.76 [Spotting Errors]

This hardly won liberty (a) was not to be lightly abandoned. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) This hardly won liberty ✓
(b) was not to be lightly abandoned.
(c) No error.
(d) No error

Explanation: The error is in part (a): 'hardly' is an adverb meaning 'scarcely/barely' and changes the meaning; it should be 'hard-won liberty' (hyphenated adjective meaning achieved with great effort).

Q.77 [Spotting Errors]

My friend said (a) he never remembered having read a more enjoyable book. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) My friend said
(b) he never remembered having read
(c) a more enjoyable book.
(d) No error ✓

Explanation: The sentence is grammatically correct. 'Never remembered having read' is proper use of the perfect gerund after 'remember', and the comparative 'more enjoyable' is appropriate.

Q.78 [Spotting Errors]

With a population of over one billion, (a) India is second most populous country in the world after China. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) With a population of over one billion,
(b) India is second most populous country in the world after China. ✓
(c) No error.
(d) No error

Explanation: The error is in part (b): 'second most populous' requires the definite article 'the' before 'second' — it should be 'the second most populous country'.

Q.79 [Spotting Errors]

There are hundred of superstitions (a) which survive in the various parts of the country. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) There are hundred of superstitions ✓
(b) which survive in the various parts of the country.
(c) No error.
(d) No error

Explanation: The error is in part (a): 'hundred' should be 'hundreds' — when used without a specific numeral before it, 'hundreds of' is the correct form to indicate a large indefinite number.

Q.80 [Spotting Errors]

It is in the temperate countries of northern Europe (a) (b) that the beneficial effects of cold is most manifest. No error. (c) (d)

(a) It is in the temperate countries of northern Europe
(b) (continuation of subject)
(c) that the beneficial effects of cold is most manifest. ✓
(d) No error

Explanation: The error is in part (c): 'effects...is' involves a subject-verb agreement error; 'effects' is plural so the verb should be 'are' — 'the beneficial effects of cold are most manifest'.

Q.81 [Error Spotting]

The effects of female employment on gender equality (a) now appear to be trickling at the next generation. (c) No error. (d)

(a) The effects of female employment on gender equality
(b) (implied connector/verb phrase)
(c) now appear to be trickling at the next generation ✓
(d) No error

Explanation: The correct preposition after 'trickling' in this context is 'down to' (trickling down to the next generation), not 'at'. 'Trickle down' is the established phrasal verb meaning to gradually reach or benefit the next level.

Q.82 [Error Spotting]

Since the 15 minutes that she drives, (a) she confesses that she feels like a woman with wings. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) Since the 15 minutes that she drives ✓
(b) she confesses
(c) that she feels like a woman with wings
(d) No error

Explanation: 'Since' is incorrect here; 'During the 15 minutes that she drives' or 'In the 15 minutes that she drives' would be correct. 'Since' indicates a point in time from which something started, not a duration.

Q.83 [Error Spotting]

India won by (a) an innings and three runs. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) India won by
(b) an innings and three runs
(c) (no part c distinctly given)
(d) No error ✓

Explanation: The sentence is grammatically correct. 'Won by an innings and three runs' is standard cricket reporting language and requires no correction.

Q.84 [Error Spotting]

Each one of these chairs (a) are broken. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) Each one of these chairs
(b) are broken ✓
(c) (no part c distinctly given)
(d) No error

Explanation: 'Each one' is a singular subject and requires a singular verb; it should be 'is broken', not 'are broken'.

Q.85 [Error Spotting]

Few creature (a) outwit the fox in Aesop's Fables. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) Few creature ✓
(b) outwit the fox in Aesop's Fables
(c) (no part c distinctly given)
(d) No error

Explanation: 'Few' is used with a plural countable noun; it should be 'Few creatures' (plural), not 'Few creature'.

Q.86 [Error Spotting]

Anywhere in the world (a) when there is conflict women and children suffer the most. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) Anywhere in the world
(b) when there is conflict women and children suffer the most ✓
(c) (no part c distinctly given)
(d) No error

Explanation: A comma is needed after 'conflict' to separate the subordinate clause from the main clause for clarity, and ideally 'conflict,' should be followed by a comma: 'when there is conflict, women and children suffer the most'. However, some analyses also flag that 'Anywhere in the world when' is awkward and 'wherever in the world' would be better — the error is in part (b) for missing punctuation/clarity.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.87 [Error Spotting]

The man is (a) the foundational director of this company. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) The man is
(b) the foundational director of this company ✓
(c) (no part c distinctly given)
(d) No error

Explanation: 'Foundational director' is not standard English; the correct term is 'founding director', meaning the person who founded and directed the company from the start.

Q.88 [Error Spotting]

Parents of LGBT community members are coming in (a) with a little help from NGOs. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) Parents of LGBT community members are coming in
(b) with a little help from NGOs ✓
(c) (no part c distinctly given)
(d) No error

Explanation: 'With a little help' implies minimal or barely sufficient help, which creates an odd meaning. The intended meaning likely requires 'with the help of NGOs'; alternatively, 'out' is the correct particle — 'coming out' is the standard LGBT expression, making part (a) the error. The error is in part (a): 'coming in' should be 'coming out'.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.89 [Error Spotting]

To love one art form is great (a) but to be able to appreciate another and find lateral connections are priceless. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) To love one art form is great
(b) but to be able to appreciate another and find lateral connections are priceless ✓
(c) (no part c distinctly given)
(d) No error

Explanation: The subject 'to be able to appreciate another and find lateral connections' is a single infinitive phrase acting as the subject, so the verb should be singular: 'is priceless', not 'are priceless'.

Q.90 [Error Spotting]

Female literacy rate has gone up by 11% (a) in the past decade as opposed to a 3% increase in male literacy. (b) (c) No error. (d)

(a) Female literacy rate has gone up by 11%
(b) in the past decade as opposed to a 3% increase in male literacy
(c) (no part c distinctly given)
(d) No error ✓

Explanation: The sentence is grammatically correct. 'As opposed to' is used appropriately for contrast and the structure is sound.

Q.91 [Cloze Comprehension]

The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself ________ the attention of all thoughtful men.

(a) upon ✓
(b) on
(c) at
(d) over

Explanation: The idiomatic expression is 'forcing itself upon the attention'; 'upon' is the natural preposition in this formal, literary context meaning to impose itself on someone's attention.

Q.92 [Cloze Comprehension]

On this question I find myself in the somewhat ________ position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war...

(a) delightful
(b) painful ✓
(c) pleasant
(d) lovely

Explanation: The passage discusses war and moral dilemmas; finding oneself unable to justify any combatant is a difficult, uncomfortable position — 'painful' fits the serious, somber tone of the text.

Q.93 [Cloze Comprehension]

...while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a ________.

(a) duty
(b) obligation
(c) responsibility
(d) crime ✓

Explanation: Tolstoy was a pacifist who believed war was morally wrong and sinful. The Tolstoyan view is that war is always a 'crime', making 'd' the correct answer.

Q.94 [Cloze Comprehension]

Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of ________ rather than of thought...

(a) feeling ✓
(b) sentiment
(c) reason
(d) patriotism

Explanation: The passage contrasts 'feeling' with 'thought' in the very same sentence ('outcome of ________ rather than of thought'), and the next sentence discusses 'emotional temperament', confirming that 'feeling' is the intended word.

Q.95 [Cloze Comprehension]

...given a man's emotional temperament, his convictions, ________ on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be predicted with tolerable certainty.

(a) however ✓
(b) as well as
(c) both
(d) despite

Explanation: 'However' here is used as an adverb meaning 'in whatever way' or functions as a concessive connector — 'his convictions, however [formed], on war in general... can be predicted'. This fits the meaning that regardless of how convictions are formed, they can be predicted from temperament.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.96 [Cloze Comprehension]

...can be ________ with tolerable certainty.

(a) thought
(b) intimated ✓
(c) suggested
(d) held

Explanation: 'Intimated' means predicted or made known indirectly, which fits the context of predicting a man's convictions with tolerable certainty based on his emotional temperament.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.97 [Cloze Comprehension]

The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical ________ are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings...

(a) questions ✓
(b) answers
(c) statements
(d) experiences

Explanation: 'Ethical questions' is the standard colocation; the passage discusses ethical debates and whether war is justified, so 'questions' fits perfectly.

Q.98 [Cloze Comprehension]

...it is such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to ________ in the present article.

(a) engage
(b) praise
(c) attempt ✓
(d) commend

Explanation: The writer says he wishes to 'attempt' the clarification and systematizing of his feelings in the article — 'attempt' conveys trying to do something, which is the appropriate modest, intellectual tone here.

Q.99 [Cloze Comprehension]

In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally ________ from a juridical or quasi-juridical ________.

(a) considered ✓
(b) observed
(c) transferred
(d) opined

Explanation: 'Considered from a juridical standpoint' is the standard expression — legal or quasi-legal questions are 'considered' from a particular viewpoint or standpoint.

Q.100 [Cloze Comprehension]

In fact, the question of rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally considered from a juridical or quasi-juridical ________.

(a) possibility
(b) formula
(c) force
(d) standpoint ✓

Explanation: 'From a juridical standpoint' is a fixed, common expression meaning from a legal perspective; 'standpoint' completes the phrase naturally.

Q.101 [Cloze Comprehension]

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year is a tribute to the power of ________. The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the...

(a) evolution ✓
(b) devolution
(c) revolution
(d) involution

Explanation: The passage explicitly states the laureates 'harnessed evolution', confirming the Nobel Prize was a tribute to the power of 'evolution'.

Q.102 [Cloze Comprehension]

The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the ________ with amazing results.

(a) microscope
(b) field
(c) market
(d) laboratory ✓

Explanation: Scientific work involving enzymes, directed evolution, biofuels, and pharmaceuticals is conducted in a 'laboratory'; this is the natural setting for such experimental work.

Q.103 [Cloze Comprehension]

Frances H. Arnold...used 'directed evolution' to ________ variants of naturally occurring enzymes that could be used to manufacture biofuels and pharmaceuticals.

(a) inhibit
(b) synthesize ✓
(c) hamper
(d) hold back

Explanation: 'Synthesize' means to create or produce; Arnold used directed evolution to synthesize (create) new variants of enzymes, which is a positive, productive process — not to inhibit or hamper them.

Q.104 [Cloze Comprehension]

...variants of naturally occurring enzymes that could be used to ________ biofuels and pharmaceuticals.

(a) constitute
(b) sink
(c) manufacture ✓
(d) resolve

Explanation: Enzymes are used to 'manufacture' (produce/make) biofuels and pharmaceuticals; 'manufacture' is the standard term for industrial or biochemical production.

Q.105 [Cloze Comprehension]

...George P. Smith...and Sir Gregory P. Winter...who evolved antibodies to ________ autoimmune diseases and even metastatic cancer through a process called phage display.

(a) combat ✓
(b) support
(c) observe
(d) invite

Explanation: Antibodies are developed to 'combat' (fight/treat) diseases; the context of autoimmune diseases and cancer confirms that the purpose is therapeutic — to fight these conditions.

Q.106 [Idioms and Phrases]

A match made in heaven

(a) a marriage that is solemnized formally
(b) a marriage that is unsuccessful
(c) a marriage that is likely to be happy and successful ✓
(d) a marriage of convenience

Explanation: 'A match made in heaven' is an idiom meaning a relationship or pairing that is perfect and likely to be very happy and successful.

Q.107 [Idioms and Phrases]

A culture vulture

(a) someone who is very keen to experience art and literature ✓
(b) someone who wants to defend ancient culture
(c) someone who is ashamed of one's own culture
(d) someone who looks at her/his culture critically

Explanation: 'A culture vulture' is an idiom for a person who is very enthusiastic about attending cultural events, visiting museums, experiencing art, literature, and other cultural activities.

Q.108 [Idioms and Phrases]

A death blow

(a) to be nearly dead
(b) to be deeply afraid of death
(c) to beat someone to death
(d) an action or event which causes something to end or fail ✓

Explanation: 'A death blow' means a decisive event or action that causes something to end completely or fail; it is used metaphorically for the final, fatal stroke to an enterprise or plan.

Q.109 [Idioms and Phrases]

The jewel in the crown

(a) someone who has many skills
(b) something that one wants
(c) the most valuable thing in a group of things ✓
(d) the jewel in the crown of the king

Explanation: 'The jewel in the crown' is an idiom meaning the most valuable, impressive, or important person or thing in a group.

Q.110 [Idioms and Phrases]

To live in a fool's paradise

(a) to live a life that is dishonest
(b) to be happy because you will not accept how bad a situation really is ✓
(c) to believe that things you want will happen
(d) to enjoy yourself by spending a lot of money

Explanation: 'To live in a fool's paradise' means to be happy or content based on false beliefs or by refusing to acknowledge the true, often negative, nature of a situation.

Q.111 [Idioms and Phrases]

A rotten apple

(a) to remove something which is rotten
(b) one bad person in a group of good people ✓
(c) a loving and kind person
(d) a disorganized person with bad habits

Explanation: 'A rotten apple' (from the proverb 'one rotten apple spoils the barrel') refers to one corrupt or dishonest person in an otherwise good group who may have a negative influence on the others.

Q.112 [Idioms and Phrases]

To vote with your feet

(a) to show that you do not support something ✓
(b) to replace something important
(c) to change something you must do
(d) to express a particular opinion

Explanation: 'To vote with your feet' means to show disapproval or lack of support for something by leaving, walking away, or refusing to participate, demonstrating opposition through actions rather than words.

Q.113 [Idioms and Phrases]

Verbal diarrhoea

(a) to be sick
(b) to talk too much ✓
(c) to be in a difficult situation
(d) to be a good orator

Explanation: 'Verbal diarrhoea' is an idiomatic expression meaning to talk excessively or too much, just as diarrhoea implies an uncontrolled excess.

Q.114 [Idioms and Phrases]

To sail close to the wind

(a) to pretend to be something that you are not
(b) to be in some unpleasant situation
(c) to be destroyed by a belief
(d) to do something that is dangerous ✓

Explanation: 'To sail close to the wind' means to do something that is risky or dangerous, coming very near to the limits of what is safe or legal.

Q.115 [Idioms and Phrases]

A double entendre

(a) to look at someone or something twice
(b) a situation in which you cannot succeed
(c) a word which has two meanings ✓
(d) something that causes both advantages and problems

Explanation: A 'double entendre' is a word or phrase that can be interpreted in two different ways, one of which is usually risqué or suggestive.

Q.116 [Idioms and Phrases]

To cut your own throat

(a) to stop doing something
(b) to do something because you are angry
(c) to behave in a relaxed manner
(d) to allow someone to do something that harms you ✓

Explanation: 'To cut your own throat' means to do something that seriously harms your own interests, effectively allowing harm to come to yourself.

Q.117 [Idioms and Phrases]

Cook the books

(a) to record false information in the accounts of an organization ✓
(b) to do something that spoils someone's plan
(c) to tell a false story
(d) to be very angry

Explanation: 'Cook the books' is a well-known idiom meaning to falsify financial records or accounts of an organization.

Q.118 [Idioms and Phrases]

Change your tune

(a) to listen to good music
(b) to do things that you are not willing to
(c) to change your opinion completely because it will bring you an advantage ✓
(d) to pretend to be very friendly

Explanation: 'Change your tune' means to suddenly alter your opinion or attitude, typically when it becomes advantageous to do so.

Q.119 [Idioms and Phrases]

Blue-blood

(a) to swallow poison
(b) to be overly interested in someone
(c) to suddenly become jealous
(d) to belong to a family of the highest social class ✓

Explanation: 'Blue-blood' refers to a person of noble or aristocratic birth, meaning to belong to a family of the highest social class.

Q.120 [Idioms and Phrases]

Cut the crap

(a) an impolite way of telling someone to stop saying things that are not true ✓
(b) to stop needing someone else to look after you
(c) to talk about something important
(d) to upset someone by criticizing them

Explanation: 'Cut the crap' is an informal/impolite expression used to tell someone to stop talking nonsense or stop saying untrue things.