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CDS II 2021 English with Solutions

Exam: CDS Year: 2021 (Session II) Questions: 102 Marks: 100 Negative Marking: 1/3

Q.1 [Sentence Completion]

I asked two people the way to the station ___

(a) but neither of them could help me ✓
(b) however none of them could show me the way
(c) yet they had doubts about the station
(d) nevertheless they couldn't guide me

Explanation: 'Neither of them' is correct when referring to exactly two people. Option (a) uses 'but neither of them could help me' which is grammatically correct and logically consistent.

Q.2 [Sentence Completion]

The room was very warm ___

(a) because the AC was set to moderate temperature
(b) though the AC was set to very cold ✓
(c) since the AC was not very warm in its temperature setting
(d) since the AC was in a very low temperature setting

Explanation: The sentence requires a contrast — the room was warm despite the AC being set to cold. 'Though the AC was set to very cold' correctly creates this contrast using the concessive conjunction 'though'.

Q.3 [Sentence Completion]

We could leave today or we could leave tomorrow ___

(a) preferring what you want
(b) as you prefer one of the two
(c) depending on what you prefer ✓
(d) whichever you prefer

Explanation: 'Depending on what you prefer' correctly completes the sentence by indicating that the choice between today or tomorrow is conditional on the listener's preference. It is the most natural and grammatically appropriate completion.

Q.4 [Sentence Completion]

Mohan and I couldn't get into the house because ___

(a) neither of us had the keys ✓
(b) both of us do not have the keys
(c) either of us did not have the keys
(d) neither of us did have the keys

Explanation: 'Neither of us had the keys' is correct — 'neither' is used for two people in a negative sense, and the past tense 'had' is consistent with the past tense context of the main clause.

Q.5 [Sentence Completion]

There are many good hotels, you can choose to stay in ___

(a) many of them
(b) any one of them ✓
(c) either of them
(d) all of them

Explanation: Since 'many good hotels' implies more than two, 'any one of them' is the correct choice. 'Either' is used only for two items, and 'many' or 'all' don't fit the idea of choosing a single hotel.

Q.6 [Sentence Completion]

The bus service is very good; there is a bus ___

(a) after ten minutes
(b) in ten minutes
(c) before ten minutes
(d) every ten minutes ✓

Explanation: 'Every ten minutes' correctly expresses a regular frequency, which is what makes a bus service 'very good'. The other options imply a one-time or imprecise interval.

Q.7 [Sentence Completion]

We live near a busy airport; the planes fly ___

(a) near our house
(b) by our house
(c) over our house ✓
(d) around our house

Explanation: Planes taking off and landing at an airport fly 'over' the houses in the vicinity. 'Over our house' is the most precise and natural prepositional phrase in this context.

Q.8 [Sentence Completion]

Dan was very quiet. He didn't say a word ___

(a) all the evening
(b) the entire evening ✓
(c) all the entire evening
(d) entire evening

Explanation: 'The entire evening' is the correct and idiomatic phrase. 'All the evening' is non-standard; 'all the entire evening' is redundant; 'entire evening' without the article is incorrect.

Q.9 [Sentence Completion]

I don't like stories ___

(a) which can have unhappy endings
(b) which had sad endings
(c) that have unhappy endings ✓
(d) which are unhappy endings

Explanation: 'That have unhappy endings' uses the defining relative clause correctly with 'that', and the present tense 'have' is appropriate for a general statement of preference. Option (a) introduces unwarranted modality; (b) uses past tense inconsistently; (d) is semantically wrong.

Q.10 [Sentence Completion]

Not everything ___

(a) that happened was my fault ✓
(b) which happen was my fault
(c) what happened was my fault
(d) whatever happened was my fault

Explanation: 'That happened was my fault' is correct. 'That' is the appropriate relative pronoun after 'everything', and the past tense 'happened' is consistent. 'What' and 'whatever' are not used after 'everything'; option (b) has a tense error.

Q.11 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage — I: As to happiness, I am not so sure. Birds, it is true, die of hunger in large numbers during the winter, if they are not birds of passage. But during the summer they do not foresee this catastrophe, or remember how nearly it befell them in the previous winter... The birds die of hunger in winter because

(a) they do not move to warmer places ✓
(b) people do not feed them
(c) they do not get the food of their choice
(d) they are too young to get the food

Explanation: The passage states birds die of hunger 'if they are not birds of passage', meaning if they do not migrate to warmer places. Option (a) directly reflects this.

Q.12 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage — I (same as above) The birds do not foresee the catastrophe because they

(a) cannot predict an accident
(b) overlook a difficult situation
(c) cannot expect a sudden disaster ✓
(d) ignore the problems

Explanation: The passage says birds 'do not foresee this catastrophe' — catastrophe here means a sudden disaster (winter starvation). Option (c) 'cannot expect a sudden disaster' best captures the meaning of not foreseeing a catastrophe.

Q.13 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage — I (same as above) Human beings cannot be happy because they

(a) do not get time to enjoy
(b) worry too much about their work
(c) are not healthy
(d) worry too much about future ✓

Explanation: The passage explicitly states 'We suffer not only the evils that actually befall us, but all those that our intelligence tells us we have reason to fear' — indicating humans worry too much about the future, making them unhappy.

Q.14 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage — I (same as above) Which one of the following is the antonym of the word 'erudite' in the passage?

(a) Qualified
(b) Ill educated ✓
(c) Logical
(d) Learned

Explanation: 'Erudite' means having or showing great knowledge or learning. Its antonym would be 'ill educated' (option b). 'Learned' (d) is actually a synonym of erudite.

Q.15 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage — I (same as above) Which one of the following is the central theme of the passage?

(a) Life of the birds and the mice
(b) Starvation in India and central Europe
(c) Progress of mankind ✓
(d) Disasters in 1946–47

Explanation: The passage concludes with 'I am not convinced that there has been any progress at all', reflecting on whether human intelligence has truly led to progress. The central theme is the progress (or lack thereof) of mankind compared to animals.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.16 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage — II: More than eight months after the national lockdown was announced in late March, urban India is learning to live with the Covid-19 pandemic... The general tone of the passage is that of

(a) Optimism ✓
(b) Pessimism
(c) Fatalism
(d) Defeatism

Explanation: The passage highlights positive outlooks, increased consumer confidence, and plans to return to pre-lockdown lifestyles, making the overall tone optimistic.

Q.17 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage — II (same as above) The willingness of consumers to go back to normal lifestyle indicates their

(a) Casual attitude
(b) Change of moods
(c) Desire for future plans
(d) Sense of economic security ✓

Explanation: The passage explicitly states that 'suppression of consumer demand because of fears of job losses and salary cuts could be coming to an end' and consumers show 'increased confidence about the future of the economy', indicating a sense of economic security.

Q.18 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage — II (same as above) Which statement in the passage/phrase indicates that "Life must go on"?

(a) They settled into their new routines
(b) Salary cuts could be coming to an end
(c) People are moving on with their lives ✓
(d) 'Pent-up demand'

Explanation: The phrase 'moving on with their lives' directly conveys the idea that life must go on despite the pandemic, as explicitly stated in the passage.

Q.19 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage — II (same as above) What does the author mean by 'pent-up demand'?

(a) Desire (suppressed) to spend money once pandemic is controlled ✓
(b) Economic normalcy of consumers
(c) Flamboyant shopping by consumers
(d) Criticism of the public on the pay-cuts

Explanation: The passage describes 'pent-up demand' as 'a demand that could be unleashed once a vaccine is developed and distributed, or when there are signs of the pandemic's spread reducing' — meaning suppressed desire to spend money once the pandemic is controlled.

Q.20 [Reading Comprehension]

Passage — II (same as above) What, according to the author, is the reason behind suppression of consumer demands?

(a) The lack of vaccine till date
(b) Professional insecurity ✓
(c) Motive to save up some money
(d) Careful and calculative attitude of the general public

Explanation: The passage states 'suppression of consumer demand because of fears of job losses and salary cuts', which directly points to professional/economic insecurity (job losses and salary cuts) as the reason.

Q.21 [Error Spotting]

Everything is going well; we didn't have any problem. No error. (a) Everything is going well (b) we didn't have any problem (c) No error (d) (d) marker

(a) Everything is going well
(b) we didn't have any problem ✓
(c) No error
(d) (d) marker

Explanation: 'didn't have' (simple past) is incorrect here because the sentence refers to the present/ongoing situation expressed by 'is going well'. It should be 'don't have any problem' to maintain tense consistency.

Q.22 [Error Spotting]

Lavanya hasn't gone to work yesterday. No error. (a) Lavanya (b) hasn't gone to work (c) yesterday (d) No error

(a) Lavanya
(b) hasn't gone to work ✓
(c) yesterday
(d) No error

Explanation: 'hasn't gone' (present perfect) cannot be used with a definite past time adverb like 'yesterday'. It should be 'didn't go to work yesterday' (simple past).

Q.23 [Error Spotting]

Look The boy over there wears the same sweater as you. No error. (a) Look The boy over there (b) wears the same sweater (c) as you (d) No error

(a) Look The boy over there
(b) wears the same sweater
(c) as you
(d) No error ✓

Explanation: The sentence is grammatically correct. 'Look' here is used as an exclamatory interjection, and the rest of the sentence is structurally sound with correct subject-verb agreement and comparison.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.24 [Error Spotting]

It begins to turn dark: shall I switch on the lights? No error. (a) It begins (b) to turn dark (c) shall I switch on the lights (d) No error

(a) It begins ✓
(b) to turn dark
(c) shall I switch on the lights
(d) No error

Explanation: 'Begins' (simple present) is not natural here; the more appropriate form is 'It is beginning to turn dark' (present continuous) to describe an action in progress at the moment of speaking.

Q.25 [Error Spotting]

Raman and Mitali have been married for twenty years. No error. (a) Raman and Mitali (b) have been married (c) for twenty years (d) No error

(a) Raman and Mitali
(b) have been married
(c) for twenty years
(d) No error ✓

Explanation: The sentence is grammatically correct. Present perfect continuous or present perfect with stative verbs like 'married' using 'for' is standard usage.

Q.26 [Error Spotting]

I have played basketball for the past three hours. No error. (a) I have played (b) basketball (c) for the past three hours (d) No error

(a) I have played ✓
(b) basketball
(c) for the past three hours
(d) No error

Explanation: 'I have played' (present perfect simple) should be 'I have been playing' (present perfect continuous) to emphasize an action that started in the past and has continued up to now, especially when a duration is specified.

Q.27 [Error Spotting]

Jamila had a book in front of her, but she didn't read it. No error. (a) Jamila had a book in front of her (b) but she didn't read it (c) No error (d) (d) marker

(a) Jamila had a book in front of her
(b) but she didn't read it
(c) No error ✓
(d) (d) marker

Explanation: The sentence is grammatically correct. Both clauses are in simple past tense and the contrast expressed by 'but' is appropriate.

Q.28 [Error Spotting]

When she heard the news, she hasn't been very pleased. No error. (a) When she heard the news (b) she hasn't been very pleased (c) No error (d) (d) marker

(a) When she heard the news
(b) she hasn't been very pleased ✓
(c) No error
(d) (d) marker

Explanation: 'Hasn't been' (present perfect) is incorrect when the time is anchored to a specific past event ('when she heard'). It should be 'wasn't very pleased' (simple past).

Q.29 [Error Spotting]

Where are you coming from? Are you an American? No error. (a) Where are you coming from (b) Are you an (c) American (d) No error

(a) Where are you coming from
(b) Are you an
(c) American
(d) No error ✓

Explanation: The sentence is grammatically correct. 'Where are you coming from?' is acceptable colloquial usage, and 'an American' correctly uses the indefinite article before a vowel sound.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.30 [Error Spotting]

I went to Canada a few years ago for holiday. No error. (a) I went to Canada (b) a few years ago (c) for holiday (d) No error

(a) I went to Canada
(b) a few years ago
(c) for holiday ✓
(d) No error

Explanation: 'For holiday' is incorrect; the correct phrase is 'for a holiday' (with the indefinite article) or 'on holiday'. The article is missing before 'holiday'.

Q.31 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: P: from Europe to America in 1992 Q: his first voyage R: Columbus S: made (a) SPRQ (b) SRPQ (c) PRSQ (d) QRSP

(a) SPRQ
(b) SRPQ ✓
(c) PRSQ
(d) QRSP

Explanation: The correct order is S-R-P-Q: 'Columbus made his first voyage from Europe to America in 1492' — Subject (R: Columbus) + Verb (S: made) + Object (P: from Europe to America in 1992) + Q (his first voyage) gives SRPQ as the logical sentence.

Q.32 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: P: scientists have Q: the effects of R: warned us about S: climate change (a) RPSQ (b) RSPQ (c) PRQS (d) QSPR

(a) RPSQ
(b) RSPQ
(c) PRQS ✓
(d) QSPR

Explanation: The correct order is P-R-Q-S: 'Scientists have warned us about the effects of climate change' — P (scientists have) + R (warned us about) + Q (the effects of) + S (climate change).

Q.33 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: P: speed is a potent cause Q: industrial growth at a terrific R: in a big city S: of pollution (a) RSQP (b) QPRS (c) PRSQ (d) QPSR

(a) RSQP
(b) QPRS
(c) PRSQ
(d) QPSR ✓

Explanation: The correct order is Q-P-S-R: 'Industrial growth at a terrific speed is a potent cause of pollution in a big city' — Q (industrial growth at a terrific) + P (speed is a potent cause) + S (of pollution) + R (in a big city).

Q.34 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: P: and garbage Q: today our environment R: filth and squalor S: is in constant grip of (a) RPSQ (b) RSPQ (c) QSPR (d) QSRP

(a) RPSQ
(b) RSPQ
(c) QSPR
(d) QSRP ✓

Explanation: The correct order is Q-S-R-P: 'Today our environment is in constant grip of filth and squalor and garbage' — Q (today our environment) + S (is in constant grip of) + R (filth and squalor) + P (and garbage).

Q.35 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: P: of corruption everywhere Q: to ease out the monster R: it is the duty of the government S: (S label missing from visible text — implied) (a) SQRP (b) QRSP (c) PRSQ (d) QRPS

(a) SQRP ✓
(b) QRSP
(c) PRSQ
(d) QRPS

Explanation: The correct order is S-Q-R-P giving: 'It is the duty of the government to ease out the monster of corruption everywhere' — R (it is the duty of the government) + Q (to ease out the monster) + P (of corruption everywhere). Among options, SQRP best matches a coherent reading.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.36 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: P: made the movement Q: the poor visibility R: of the vehicles S: quite difficult (a) QRPS (b) RSPQ (c) QRSP (d) QPRS

(a) QRPS
(b) RSPQ
(c) QRSP ✓
(d) QPRS

Explanation: The correct order is Q-R-S-P: 'The poor visibility of the vehicles made the movement quite difficult' — Q (the poor visibility) + R (of the vehicles) + S (quite difficult) — wait, better: Q+R+P+S = 'the poor visibility of the vehicles made the movement quite difficult' = QRPS. Answer is (a) QRPS.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.37 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: P: Mohan clearly Q: I couldn't see R: only a few yards ahead S: though he was (a) RQSP (b) RSPQ (c) PRSQ (d) SRQP

(a) RQSP
(b) RSPQ ✓
(c) PRSQ
(d) SRQP

Explanation: The correct order is R-S-P-Q: 'Only a few yards ahead though he was Mohan clearly I couldn't see' — more naturally: Q+R+S+P = 'I couldn't see only a few yards ahead though he was Mohan clearly'. The best fit among options is RSPQ: 'Only a few yards ahead, I couldn't see though he was Mohan clearly' — giving order R(only a few yards ahead) S(though he was) P(Mohan clearly) Q(I couldn't see) does not work well. The sentence is: 'Though he was only a few yards ahead, I couldn't see Mohan clearly' = S+R+Q+P = SRQP (d).

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.38 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: P: both winter and summer Q: extreme are truly R: here in India S: (S not clearly labelled) (a) RPSQ (b) SRQP (c) SPRQ (d) PSRQ

(a) RPSQ
(b) SRQP
(c) SPRQ ✓
(d) PSRQ

Explanation: The sentence reads: 'Both winter and summer extremes are truly here in India' — P (both winter and summer) + R (here in India) — best fit: SPRQ giving a coherent sentence. Option (c) SPRQ: S+P+R+Q = logical arrangement for 'extremes both winter and summer are truly here in India'.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.39 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: P: get crystallised Q: the self and world view R: and physical space where S: basic ideas of (a) RQPS (b) SRQP (c) PRSQ (d) QRSP

(a) RQPS
(b) SRQP
(c) PRSQ
(d) QRSP ✓

Explanation: The correct order is Q-R-S-P: 'The self and world view and physical space where basic ideas of get crystallised' — more naturally Q(the self and world view) + R(and physical space where) + S(basic ideas of) + P(get crystallised) = QRSP, forming 'the self and world view and physical space where basic ideas of get crystallised'.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.40 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a meaningful sentence: P: that he ordered Q: the post R: was the first job he performed on reaching S: my release from jail (a) RPSQ (b) RSPQ (c) PRSQ (d) RQPS

(a) RPSQ
(b) RSPQ
(c) PRSQ
(d) RQPS ✓

Explanation: The correct order is R-Q-P-S: 'The post was the first job he performed on reaching that he ordered my release from jail' — better: Q(the post) + R(was the first job he performed on reaching) + P(that he ordered) + S(my release from jail) = QRPS, but closest option is RQPS (d): R+Q+P+S = 'was the first job he performed on reaching the post that he ordered my release from jail'.

Q.41 [Idioms and Phrases]

Forty winks

(a) Winking forty times
(b) Sleep disorders
(c) Long sleeping hours
(d) A short sleep during the day ✓

Explanation: 'Forty winks' is a well-known idiom meaning a brief nap or short sleep, especially during the day.

Q.42 [Idioms and Phrases]

Life in the raw

(a) Life in its natural, unembellished state ✓
(b) Life at its easiest
(c) Life that is complex
(d) A daredevil's life

Explanation: 'Life in the raw' means life as it truly is, without adornment or pretense — in its natural, unembellished state.

Q.43 [Idioms and Phrases]

A paper tiger

(a) A person or thing that appears threatening but is ineffectual ✓
(b) To threaten someone but do no harm
(c) Environmental protection paperwork
(d) To speak to people in a roaring voice

Explanation: 'A paper tiger' refers to something or someone that seems powerful or dangerous but is actually weak and ineffectual.

Q.44 [Idioms and Phrases]

Penny-wise and pound-foolish

(a) Wise to spend each penny carefully
(b) Careful about small amounts but careless about large amounts ✓
(c) People who don't understand the importance of each penny
(d) Careful about large amounts but careless about small amounts

Explanation: 'Penny-wise and pound-foolish' describes someone who is careful and economical with small sums of money but wasteful or unwise with large amounts.

Q.45 [Idioms and Phrases]

Pin back your ears

(a) To listen carefully to something ✓
(b) Person or organisation that pins important issues
(c) To keep yourself away from hearing bad stuff
(d) To clean your ears with a pin

Explanation: 'Pin back your ears' means to listen very carefully and attentively to what is being said.

Q.46 [Idioms and Phrases]

Turncoat

(a) Expert at altering coats
(b) Someone who deserts one group to join another ✓
(c) A truly dishonest person
(d) Going round and round in a court of law

Explanation: A 'turncoat' is a person who abandons one party, cause, or allegiance to join the opposing side, i.e., a traitor or renegade.

Q.47 [Idioms and Phrases]

Say your piece

(a) Speak but don't listen
(b) Speak in a talkative manner
(c) Make your argument piece by piece
(d) Express your opinion ✓

Explanation: 'Say your piece' means to express your views or opinion on a matter, especially when given the opportunity to do so.

Q.48 [Idioms and Phrases]

Top-notch

(a) The highest marking on a tree or a building
(b) Person or organization that attracts only the top
(c) Of highest possible quality ✓
(d) Person of integrity

Explanation: 'Top-notch' is an idiom meaning of the highest quality or standard; excellent.

Q.49 [Idioms and Phrases]

Under the table

(a) Work under difficult circumstances
(b) Working undercover
(c) Working under furniture
(d) Making or receiving payments surreptitiously ✓

Explanation: 'Under the table' refers to secret or illicit financial transactions, typically payments made to avoid taxes or legal scrutiny.

Q.50 [Idioms and Phrases]

At the drop of a hat

(a) Clumsy person who drops hats everywhere
(b) Suddenly and without much thought ✓
(c) Do something without much pressure
(d) A happy and easygoing man

Explanation: 'At the drop of a hat' means immediately, without any hesitation, or without much prior thought or preparation.

Q.51 [Ordering of Sentences]

S1: An ideal citizen is one who establishes his standard in everything. S6: He can be called a thorough gentleman. P: Because he is a true patriot. Q: Also, he can lay down his life for the honour of his country. R: That he can make any sacrifice for his motherland. S: He loves his country so much so. The correct sequence should be

(a) SRQP ✓
(b) RPQS
(c) PQRS
(d) QRSP

Explanation: The logical flow is: S (He loves his country so much so) → R (That he can make any sacrifice) → Q (Also, he can lay down his life) → P (Because he is a true patriot), giving sequence SRQP which leads into S6 calling him a thorough gentleman.

Q.52 [Ordering of Sentences]

S1: There are multiple legal avenues for patients to indict doctors, but rarely is it the other way round. S6: It is clear that patients have multiple avenues to pursue, should they feel an injustice has been perpetrated against them. P: An FIR can be lodged against them under the section 304A of the Indian Penal Code. Q: A compensation case can be filed in a consumer forum. R: For one occurrence, there are multiple forums where doctors have to defend themselves. S: For instance, a complaint can be made to their employer. The correct sequence should be

(a) PQRS
(b) PSRQ
(c) RSQP
(d) SRQP ✓

Explanation: S introduces the first example (complaint to employer), R states there are multiple forums, Q gives another avenue (consumer forum), and P adds the IPC angle, giving SRQP which connects well to S6 about multiple avenues.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.53 [Ordering of Sentences]

S1: Paragraphs are the building blocks of any write-up. S6: Understanding of these makes one a good writer of paragraphs. P: A paragraph need not be pages together in length. Q: But actually a paragraph is a group of at least five sentences on the lower limit. R: In reality, unity and coherence, not length, constitute a real good paragraph. S: Many people define paragraphs in terms of their length. The correct sequence should be

(a) QPRS
(b) RQPS
(c) SQPR ✓
(d) QRSP

Explanation: S (Many people define paragraphs by length) → Q (but actually it is a group of at least five sentences) → P (a paragraph need not be pages long) → R (in reality, unity and coherence matter), giving SQPR leading naturally to S6 about understanding these elements.

Q.54 [Ordering of Sentences]

S1: Then what is necessary with regard to taming science and technology is: S6: If we do not harness it for the welfare of mankind, I am afraid, a total annihilation is a must. P: Then why do we not tame atomic energy to peaceful purposes? Q: We must have the basic knowledge of the two. R: It is said, 'Science is a useful servant but destructive master'. S: By the misuse of science, mankind will meet its doom quite soon. The correct sequence should be

(a) SRQP
(b) PQSR
(c) RQSP
(d) QRSP ✓

Explanation: Q (we must have basic knowledge) → R (science is a useful servant but destructive master) → S (misuse leads to doom) → P (why not tame atomic energy), giving QRSP which leads into S6 about harnessing science for mankind's welfare.

Q.55 [Ordering of Sentences]

S1: Uttarakhand is vulnerable to disasters. S6: The lack of ability to learn lessons from disasters, and the lack of any accountability, ensure the perpetuation of the situation. P: The absence of necessary monitoring, early warning systems and the overall disaster management system add another layer of damages during the disasters. Q: Major interventions act as force multipliers during such disasters. R: The violation of legal and other prudent norms, further increases the damages. S: Climate change is increasing these vulnerabilities. The correct sequence should be

(a) SQRP ✓
(b) PQSR
(c) QSRP
(d) RPSQ

Explanation: S (climate change increases vulnerabilities) → Q (major interventions act as force multipliers) → R (violation of norms further increases damages) → P (absence of monitoring adds another layer), giving SQRP which logically precedes S6 about lack of accountability.

Q.56 [Ordering of Sentences]

S1: Now only fifteen minutes were left. S6: Our performance was excellent. P: It was a game of life and death. Q: Each one had concluded that we were going to lose. R: Thank God, we rubbed the word 'defeat' writ large on our forehead. S: It was a matter of minutes. The correct sequence should be

(a) PSQR
(b) PQSR ✓
(c) RPSQ
(d) RSQP

Explanation: P (it was a game of life and death) → Q (each one concluded we were going to lose) → S (it was a matter of minutes) → R (thank God, we erased defeat from our forehead), giving PQSR which transitions to S6 about excellent performance.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.57 [Ordering of Sentences]

S1: The river Ganga is very important for us culturally, spiritually, ecologically as well as economically. S6: Journey in the right direction is firmly making progress, gathering momentum and becoming a people's movement. P: It is rich in cultural heritage, natural splendour and biodiversity. Q: People have used its water since the beginning of civilisation for different purposes. R: It has most dense cultivation in its basin and is critical for ensuring food and water security. S: We need to utilise its water for different purposes while ensuring that its natural ecology is protected, aquatic life thrives, and forests along the river remain rejuvenated. The correct sequence should be

(a) PQRS ✓
(b) PQSR
(c) RSQP
(d) PRSQ

Explanation: P (rich in cultural heritage and biodiversity) → Q (people have used its water since civilisation) → R (dense cultivation, critical for food/water security) → S (we need to utilise water while protecting ecology), giving PQRS which leads into S6 about the journey in the right direction.

Q.58 [Ordering of Sentences]

S1: The Republic Day in India falls on 26th January. S6: He attends the march past. P: The President of India takes the salute. Q: It is organized at the India Gate. R: People from far and wide come to witness it. S: It is celebrated with great pomp and show. The correct sequence should be

(a) PRSQ
(b) PQSR
(c) SRQP ✓
(d) RSQP

Explanation: S (celebrated with great pomp) → R (people from far and wide come) → Q (organised at India Gate) → P (President takes the salute), giving SRQP which leads into S6 about the President attending the march past.

Q.59 [Ordering of Sentences]

S1: Different people have different hobbies. S6: With hobbies, you spend time in a gainful way. P: Thus, they say, as many people, so many hobbies. Q: In due course, that becomes your hobby. R: Whatever leisure time you get, you use that in creative activity. S: Hobby is a leisure time activity. The correct sequence should be

(a) PQRS
(b) PQSR
(c) SRQP ✓
(d) RSQP

Explanation: S (hobby is a leisure time activity) → R (whatever leisure time you get, use it creatively) → Q (in due course, that becomes your hobby) → P (thus, as many people, so many hobbies), giving SRQP which naturally leads to S6 about spending time gainfully.

Q.60 [Ordering of Sentences]

S1: Life in a village is ideal. S6: They can no longer be considered backward. P: Our villages are no longer dirty. Q: Moreover, they are disease-free. R: Because, the village people are well-educated now. S: Rather, they are highly clean and tidy. The correct sequence should be

(a) SRQP
(b) PSQR ✓
(c) SRPQ
(d) RSQP

Explanation: P (villages are no longer dirty) → S (rather, they are clean and tidy) → Q (moreover, they are disease-free) → R (because village people are well-educated), giving PSQR which logically connects to S6 about them no longer being considered backward.

Q.61 [Fill in the Blanks]

Honesty is ___ on his face.

(a) wrote
(b) written ✓
(c) writing
(d) writes

Explanation: The correct past participle 'written' is needed here as it functions as an adjective in the passive construction 'is written on his face', meaning honesty is clearly visible/apparent on his face.

Q.62 [Fill in the Blanks]

He lives ___ his pen.

(a) by ✓
(b) with
(c) on
(d) off

Explanation: 'Live by' is the correct idiomatic expression meaning to earn one's livelihood through something; 'he lives by his pen' means he earns his living through writing.

Q.63 [Fill in the Blanks]

Much water has run ___ the bridge since then.

(a) near
(b) about
(c) under ✓
(d) in

Explanation: 'Much water has run under the bridge' is the standard idiom meaning a lot of time has passed and many things have changed since a particular time.

Q.64 [Fill in the Blanks]

The gun ___ with a loud noise.

(a) went on
(b) went off ✓
(c) went about
(d) went around

Explanation: 'Went off' is the correct phrasal verb meaning a gun fired or discharged, which is always accompanied by a loud noise.

Q.65 [Fill in the Blanks]

They fought ___ the last man in the army.

(a) on
(b) from
(c) with
(d) to ✓

Explanation: 'Fought to the last man' is the correct idiomatic expression meaning they continued fighting until every single soldier had fallen.

Q.66 [Fill in the Blanks]

Keep him ___ arm's length.

(a) at ✓
(b) by
(c) for
(d) off

Explanation: 'Keep at arm's length' is the correct idiom meaning to avoid becoming too friendly or closely involved with someone.

Q.67 [Fill in the Blanks]

He succeeded ___

(a) on himself
(b) by himself
(c) in the long run ✓
(d) on the long run

Explanation: 'In the long run' is the correct idiomatic phrase meaning eventually or over a long period of time; 'on the long run' is grammatically incorrect.

Q.68 [Fill in the Blanks]

Have you ever tried ___ a coconut tree?

(a) climbing ✓
(b) to climbing
(c) going on
(d) going up

Explanation: After the verb 'tried', the gerund (verb+ing) is used when referring to attempting an activity; 'tried climbing' means attempted the act of climbing, which is the correct construction here.

Q.69 [Grammar - Prepositions]

He is a man ___ means.

(a) for
(b) in
(c) of ✓
(d) above

Explanation: The correct collocation is 'a man of means', meaning a wealthy person. 'Of' is the standard preposition used in this fixed expression.

Q.70 [Grammar - Verb Forms]

He dislikes ___ friends.

(a) have to
(b) having to ✓
(c) for
(d) regarding

Explanation: After 'dislikes', a gerund form is required. 'Having to' (gerund phrase) correctly follows the verb 'dislikes', meaning he dislikes being obligated to deal with friends.

Q.71 [Synonyms]

He drowned in the flood water last year. (underlined: drowned)

(a) swarmed
(b) swam
(c) submerged ✓
(d) floated

Explanation: 'Drowned' means to die by submersion in water; 'submerged' is the closest synonym meaning sunk or plunged under water.

Q.72 [Synonyms]

Autumn is rather a dry season. (underlined: dry)

(a) arid ✓
(b) humid
(c) rainy
(d) moist

Explanation: 'Dry' means lacking moisture; 'arid' is the closest synonym meaning very dry, with little or no rainfall.

Q.73 [Synonyms]

Our differences are growing day by day. (underlined: differences)

(a) confabulations
(b) interferences
(c) disagreements ✓
(d) discrepancies

Explanation: 'Differences' in the context of interpersonal relations means disagreements or conflicts; 'disagreements' is the nearest synonym.

Q.74 [Synonyms]

The big tree hindered access of sunlight into the house. (underlined: hindered)

(a) impeded ✓
(b) shaded
(c) facilitated
(d) poured

Explanation: 'Hindered' means obstructed or blocked; 'impeded' is the closest synonym meaning to obstruct or slow down progress.

Q.75 [Synonyms]

The complexity of the issue baffled everyone. (underlined: complexity)

(a) conclusion
(b) intricacy ✓
(c) grievance
(d) complacency

Explanation: 'Complexity' means the state of being intricate or complicated; 'intricacy' is the nearest synonym referring to the quality of being complex.

Q.76 [Synonyms]

He drank excessive amount of liquor. (underlined: excessive)

(a) inculpable
(b) inordinate ✓
(c) unreasonable
(d) innocuous

Explanation: 'Excessive' means more than what is normal or necessary; 'inordinate' is the closest synonym meaning disproportionately large or unreasonably excessive.

Q.77 [Synonyms]

He initiated the dialogue. (underlined: initiated)

(a) ordered
(b) interfered
(c) began ✓
(d) planned

Explanation: 'Initiated' means started or commenced; 'began' is the most direct synonym.

Q.78 [Synonyms]

She looked pale after recovering from Covid-19. (underlined: pale)

(a) sallow ✓
(b) ruddy
(c) glowing
(d) radiant

Explanation: 'Pale' means having a light or whitish complexion, often due to illness; 'sallow' is the nearest synonym meaning having an unhealthy yellowish or pale complexion.

Q.79 [Synonyms]

I overrule your proposal. (underlined: overrule)

(a) wan
(b) veto ✓
(c) weaken
(d) supersede

Explanation: 'Overrule' means to reject or decide against by exercising authority; 'veto' is the closest synonym meaning to reject or prohibit officially.

Q.80 [Synonyms]

His behaviour shocked me. (underlined: shocked)

(a) entreated
(b) pacified
(c) appalled ✓
(d) scintillated

Explanation: 'Shocked' means greatly disturbed or horrified; 'appalled' is the closest synonym meaning to fill with horror or dismay.

Q.81 [Antonyms]

I am very particular about it. (underlined: particular)

(a) impeded
(b) vague ✓
(c) confined
(d) minute

Explanation: 'Particular' means specific, precise, or detailed; its antonym is 'vague', meaning unclear or not specific.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.82 [Antonyms]

He has become paunchy. (underlined: paunchy)

(a) Stout
(b) Slim ✓
(c) Plump
(d) fat

Explanation: 'Paunchy' means having a large, protruding belly; its antonym is 'slim', meaning thin or slender.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.83 [Antonyms]

This river originates from the Ganges. (underlined: originates)

(a) inaugurates
(b) culminates ✓
(c) initiates
(d) emanates

Explanation: 'Originates' means begins or starts from a source; its antonym is 'culminates', meaning reaches a final point or conclusion.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.84 [Antonyms]

The film I saw was hilarious. (underlined: hilarious)

(a) tragic ✓
(b) Serious
(c) uproarious
(d) jovial

Explanation: 'Hilarious' means extremely funny or amusing; its antonym is 'tragic', meaning causing great sadness or disaster.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.85 [Antonyms]

On that day, pandemonium reigned in the hall. (underlined: pandemonium)

(a) hullaballoo
(b) uproar
(c) peace ✓
(d) accolade

Explanation: 'Pandemonium' means wild chaos and noise; its antonym is 'peace', meaning calm, quiet, and order.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.86 [Antonyms]

The police detained me today amidst busy traffic. (underlined: detained)

(a) impeded
(b) released ✓
(c) confined
(d) Held

Explanation: 'Detained' means kept in custody or held back; its antonym is 'released', meaning set free or let go.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.87 [Antonyms]

In my state of despair, I confessed everything. (underlined: despair)

(a) despondency
(b) determination
(c) dependant
(d) elation ✓

Explanation: 'Despair' means complete loss of hope or deep sadness; its antonym is 'elation', meaning great happiness or excitement.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.88 [Antonyms]

He was accused by the entire community after he failed in the mission. (underlined: accused)

(a) vindicated ✓
(b) incriminated
(c) indicted
(d) arraigned

Explanation: 'Accused' means charged with wrongdoing; its antonym is 'vindicated', meaning cleared of blame or proven innocent.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.89 [Synonyms]

There was much to boast about the quality of his work. (Choose the word closest in meaning to 'boast')

(a) bluster
(b) brag ✓
(c) deprecate
(d) flaunt

Explanation: 'Boast' means to speak with excessive pride about one's achievements. 'Brag' is the closest synonym meaning to boast or speak proudly. 'Bluster' implies aggressive bluffing, 'deprecate' means to belittle, and 'flaunt' means to display ostentatiously.

Q.90 [Synonyms]

He delivered an eccentric speech. (Choose the word closest in meaning to 'eccentric')

(a) an old
(b) a peculiar ✓
(c) a normal
(d) an idiosyncratic

Explanation: 'Eccentric' means unconventional or strange. 'Peculiar' is a straightforward synonym meaning strange or odd. While 'idiosyncratic' (d) is also close, 'peculiar' is the most direct and commonly accepted synonym for 'eccentric' in standard usage.

Q.91 [Part of Speech]

They wandered around aimlessly. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word 'aimlessly')

(a) Verb ✓
(b) Adjective
(c) Intensifier
(d) Noun

Explanation: 'Wandered' is the verb in this sentence — it is the main action word describing what 'they' did. The underlined word here is 'wandered' (the verb), functioning as the predicate of the sentence.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.92 [Part of Speech]

We went away after they had left. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word 'after')

(a) Pronoun
(b) Adjective
(c) Intensifier
(d) Conjunction ✓

Explanation: 'After' here connects two clauses ('We went away' and 'they had left'), functioning as a subordinating conjunction. It shows a time relationship between the two actions.

Q.93 [Part of Speech]

Public culture is associated with extremely new civil societies. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word 'extremely')

(a) Adverb
(b) Intensifier ✓
(c) Adjective
(d) Noun Clause

Explanation: 'Extremely' modifies the adjective 'new' by intensifying its degree, functioning as an intensifier (a subtype of adverb). Among the options, 'Intensifier' is the most precise label for a word that strengthens or emphasizes another adjective.

Q.94 [Part of Speech]

You are paying less attention to your studies these days. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word 'less')

(a) Adverb
(b) Adjective ✓
(c) Intensifier
(d) Noun

Explanation: 'Less' here modifies the noun 'attention', functioning as an adjective (specifically a determiner/quantifying adjective). It describes how much attention is being paid.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.95 [Part of Speech]

Why, is it really Sujata on the phone? (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word 'Why')

(a) Interjection ✓
(b) Adjective
(c) Intensifier
(d) Noun

Explanation: 'Why' at the beginning of the sentence, followed by a comma, is used as an exclamatory interjection expressing mild surprise or emphasis, not as a question word. It functions as an interjection here.

Q.96 [Part of Speech]

Sit down and rest a while. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word 'while')

(a) Adverb
(b) Adjective
(c) Intensifier
(d) Noun ✓

Explanation: 'A while' means 'a period of time', so 'while' here is used as a noun (preceded by the article 'a'). The phrase 'a while' functions as a noun phrase indicating duration.

Q.97 [Part of Speech]

Rakesh is too old to run fast. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word 'too')

(a) Adverb
(b) Conjunction
(c) Intensifier ✓
(d) Noun

Explanation: 'Too' modifies the adjective 'old' by intensifying it to indicate excess, making it an intensifier. It signals that the degree of 'old' exceeds what is necessary or appropriate.

Q.98 [Part of Speech]

For the next generation of interior architects and design graduates, work opportunities are immense. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word 'immense')

(a) Adverb
(b) Adjective ✓
(c) Noun
(d) Pronoun

Explanation: 'Immense' is a predicative adjective here, modifying the noun 'opportunities' through the linking verb 'are'. It describes the quality/extent of the work opportunities.

Q.99 [Part of Speech]

Life is a solo fight, and each person makes his or her own journey. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word 'each')

(a) Noun
(b) Adjective ✓
(c) Intensifier
(d) Adverb

Explanation: 'Each' modifies the noun 'person', functioning as an adjective (distributive adjective/determiner) that refers to every individual member of a group considered separately.

Q.100 [Part of Speech]

The cat loves comfort. (Identify the part of speech of the underlined word 'The')

(a) Indefinite article
(b) Definite article ✓
(c) Intensifier
(d) Subject

Explanation: 'The' is the definite article in English, used before 'cat' to refer to a specific cat. It is definitively a definite article, as opposed to 'a/an' which are indefinite articles.

Q.101 [Cloze Composition]

The polythene bags _____ non-biodegradable, i.e., they cannot be decomposed by micro-organisms into manure.

(a) are ✓
(b) become
(c) is
(d) were

Explanation: The subject 'polythene bags' is plural and the statement is a general fact/present truth, so the plural present tense verb 'are' is correct. 'Is' is singular, 'were' is past tense, and 'become' changes the meaning.

Q.102 [Cloze Composition]

They cannot be decomposed _____ micro-organisms into manure.

(a) by ✓
(b) through
(c) into
(d) in

Explanation: In passive constructions, the agent (the doer of the action) is introduced by the preposition 'by'. Here, 'micro-organisms' is the agent decomposing the bags, so 'by' is correct.

Q.103 [Cloze Composition]

They remain as _____ even after years.

(a) they are ✓
(b) it is
(c) even
(d) after

Explanation: 'Remain as they are' is the correct idiomatic expression meaning to stay in the same state/condition. The pronoun 'they' matches the plural subject 'polythene bags'.

Q.104 [Cloze Composition]

Animals that started eating waste food _____ with these polythene bags, ultimately started dying.

(a) besides
(b) beside
(c) thorough
(d) along ✓

Explanation: 'Along with' is the correct phrasal preposition meaning 'together with' or 'in addition to'. Animals eating waste food along with polythene bags makes contextual sense. 'Besides' means in addition to (preposition) but 'along with' is the natural idiomatic choice here.

Q.105 [Cloze Composition]

Animals ultimately started dying _____ their internal system was getting blocked.

(a) of
(b) though
(c) because ✓
(d) for

Explanation: 'Because' introduces a causal clause explaining the reason for dying — the internal system getting blocked. It is the correct subordinating conjunction of cause/reason here.

Q.106 [Cloze Composition]

The Government had no alternative _____ to ban these polythene bags.

(a) yet
(b) but ✓
(c) so
(d) because

Explanation: The fixed expression 'had no alternative but to' means 'had no choice except to'. 'But' is the correct word in this idiomatic construction.

Q.107 [Cloze Composition]

It is _____ duty of the Government to look into this matter.

(a) but also
(b) still
(c) the ✓
(d) yet

Explanation: The sentence requires the definite article 'the' before 'duty' to make a grammatically correct noun phrase 'the duty of the Government'. The structure 'It is the duty of...' is standard English.

Q.108 [Cloze Composition]

It is also the duty of each individual to _____ that we don't use polythene bags.

(a) get it
(b) do it
(c) convene it
(d) see to it ✓

Explanation: 'See to it that' is an idiomatic expression meaning 'ensure' or 'make sure'. It is the correct phrase to introduce a that-clause expressing responsibility, fitting naturally in this context.

Q.109 [Cloze Composition]

That we _____ use polythene bags. By using these we will not only harm the environment but ourselves as well.

(a) didn't
(b) weren't
(c) don't ✓
(d) aren't

Explanation: The context calls for a present tense negative to express a general injunction/instruction ('that we don't use polythene bags'). 'Don't' (simple present) is correct for expressing a habitual avoidance or general instruction.

Q.110 [Cloze Composition]

Thus, say 'No' to plastic bags and contribute _____ society.

(a) by
(b) to ✓
(c) into
(d) in

Explanation: 'Contribute to' is the correct prepositional phrase meaning to give or help towards something. One contributes 'to' society, not 'by', 'into', or 'in' society in this context.

Q.111 [Prepositions and Determiners]

He ___ succeeded by dint of perseverance and hard work. (Choose the correct preposition: 'He succeeded ___ dint of perseverance')

(a) by ✓
(b) for
(c) on
(d) upon

Explanation: 'By dint of' is a fixed idiomatic expression meaning 'by means of' or 'through the use of'. The correct preposition is 'by'.

Q.112 [Prepositions and Determiners]

Due to his illness, he could not finish the work ___ time.

(a) by ✓
(b) for
(c) on
(d) upon

Explanation: 'By time' means before or at a specified deadline — 'finish by time' means to complete before the time limit. 'On time' also works but 'by time' in the sense of 'by a certain time/deadline' is more appropriate given the context of illness preventing completion before a deadline.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.113 [Prepositions and Determiners]

There is no meaning ___ what you say.

(a) by
(b) for
(c) in ✓
(d) on

Explanation: 'Meaning in' is the correct collocation — 'there is no meaning in what you say' means there is no sense or purpose in your words. The preposition 'in' is used with 'meaning' in this idiomatic expression.

Q.114 [Prepositions and Determiners]

These are good rules ___ live by.

(a) with
(b) to ✓
(c) in
(d) on

Explanation: 'Rules to live by' is the correct construction using the infinitive marker 'to', forming the infinitive phrase 'to live by'. This is a standard English expression meaning rules worth following in life.

Q.115 [Prepositions and Determiners]

He is the man I have been looking ___.

(a) at
(b) for ✓
(c) in
(d) on

Explanation: 'Looking for' means to search for someone or something. The phrasal verb 'look for' requires the preposition 'for'. 'Look at' means to observe, which changes the meaning entirely.

Q.116 [Prepositions and Determiners]

Don't loiter ___ the street.

(a) near
(b) around
(c) in
(d) on ✓

Explanation: 'Loiter on the street' is the standard collocation in British English. One loiters 'on' a street (as streets are surfaces/paths). 'In the street' is also used but 'on the street' is the more conventional preposition with named thoroughfares.

Q.117 [Prepositions and Determiners]

Sit here ___ me.

(a) by
(b) beside ✓
(c) in
(d) on

Explanation: 'Beside me' means next to me, which is the natural meaning when asking someone to sit next to you. While 'by' can also mean near/beside, 'beside' is the most precise and unambiguous answer here.

Q.118 [Prepositions and Determiners]

We mustn't shy ___ entry-level or freelance jobs as they help us gain an insight into the context in which a company operates.

(a) in
(b) with
(c) away from ✓
(d) upon

Explanation: 'Shy away from' is the correct phrasal verb meaning to avoid or be reluctant to do something. The expression 'shy away from' is idiomatic and standard in English usage.

Q.119 [Grammar / Prepositions]

Civil society and media have a major role in making the coalition work ___ the people.

(a) for ✓
(b) about
(c) with
(d) over

Explanation: The phrase 'work for the people' is the standard idiomatic expression meaning to serve or benefit the people; 'for' correctly indicates purpose/beneficiary here.

Q.120 [Grammar / Prepositions]

He travelled ___ Mr. Joshi's car.

(a) in ✓
(b) on
(c) with
(d) by

Explanation: With enclosed/private vehicles (car, taxi, etc.) the correct preposition is 'in' (he travelled in Mr. Joshi's car), whereas 'by' is used without an article/possessive (travel by car).