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CDS I 2025 English with Solutions

Exam: CDS Year: 2025 (Session I) Questions: 116 Marks: 100 Negative Marking: 1/3

Q.1 [Error Spotting / Word Substitution]

The officer under suspension felt intimated by the committee members during his interrogation regarding the allegations against him. Select the word that should replace 'intimated' to make the sentence correct.

(a) inculcated
(b) intimidated ✓
(c) asphyxiated
(d) annulled

Explanation: 'Intimated' means 'hinted' or 'made known', but the context requires 'intimidated', meaning 'made to feel frightened or threatened'. The officer felt threatened/intimidated by the committee members.

Q.2 [Error Spotting / Word Substitution]

Amongst them all, she was the only one with the perquisite to understand the complexity of the situation. Select the word that should replace 'perquisite' to make the sentence correct.

(a) perspicacity ✓
(b) perniciousness
(c) peremptoriness
(d) presumptuousness

Explanation: 'Perquisite' means a privilege or extra benefit, which does not fit. 'Perspicacity' means keenness of mental perception and understanding, which correctly conveys the ability to understand the complexity of the situation.

Q.3 [Error Spotting / Word Substitution]

At the official function organised for the attending dignitaries, guests arrived in scrumptious attire for the banquet. Select the word that should replace 'scrumptious' to make the sentence correct.

(a) synergistic
(b) stentorian
(c) sumptuous ✓
(d) scrimpy

Explanation: 'Scrumptious' relates to food being delicious and is inappropriate for attire. 'Sumptuous' means splendid and expensive-looking, which correctly describes the lavish attire worn by guests at an official banquet.

Q.4 [Error Spotting / Word Substitution]

The lake atop the mountain has always been the lyre for intrepid hikers. Select the word that should replace 'lyre' to make the sentence correct.

(a) link
(b) line
(c) life
(d) lure ✓

Explanation: 'Lyre' is a musical instrument, which makes no sense in context. 'Lure' means something that attracts or entices, correctly conveying that the lake draws/attracts brave hikers.

Q.5 [Error Spotting / Word Substitution]

The candidates went through an intensive instruction process before their absorption into the service. Select the word that should replace 'absorption' to make the sentence correct.

(a) immersion
(b) intimation
(c) induction ✓
(d) unction

Explanation: 'Absorption' does not idiomatically collocate with 'into the service' in the sense of joining. 'Induction' specifically means the formal process of admitting someone into a service or organization, making it the correct replacement.

Q.6 [Error Spotting / Word Substitution]

The office memorandum directed personnel to minimise their consumption of office stationery by up to twenty percent. Select the word that should replace 'minimise' to make the sentence correct.

(a) supervise
(b) surmise
(c) lower
(d) reduce ✓

Explanation: While 'minimise' means to reduce to the smallest possible amount, the phrase 'by up to twenty percent' specifies a measured reduction rather than minimisation to zero. 'Reduce' is the most natural and precise word here, fitting the quantified instruction.

Q.7 [Error Spotting / Word Substitution]

The announcement of an unexpected bonus led to great tumult among the staff. Select the word closest in meaning to 'tumult'.

(a) merriment
(b) trepidation
(c) upheaval
(d) uproar ✓

Explanation: 'Tumult' means a loud, confused noise or a state of confusion and disorder. 'Uproar' is its closest synonym, meaning a state of noisy, excited confusion. 'Upheaval' implies physical or structural disruption rather than noise/excitement.

Q.8 [Error Spotting / Word Substitution]

The scurrilous remarks in the article were met with great joy by the leadership of the company. Select the word that should replace 'scurrilous' to make the sentence correct.

(a) laudatory ✓
(b) reviling
(c) scathing
(d) Upbraiding

Explanation: 'Scurrilous' means making scandalous/abusive claims, which would not be met with joy by leadership. 'Laudatory' means expressing praise or admiration, which correctly explains why the leadership received the remarks with great joy.

Q.9 [Error Spotting / Word Substitution]

His inappropriate behaviour earned plaudits from his colleagues. Select the word that should replace 'plaudits' to make the sentence correct.

(a) sanctimoniousness
(b) triumph
(c) opprobrium ✓
(d) banter

Explanation: 'Plaudits' means praise or approval, which contradicts 'inappropriate behaviour'. 'Opprobrium' means harsh criticism or censure, which is the natural result of inappropriate behaviour from colleagues.

Q.10 [Error Spotting / Word Substitution]

The enormity of the mountain range stunned the visitors to the hill station. Select the word that should replace 'enormity' to make the sentence correct.

(a) eternity
(b) enormousness ✓
(c) extremity
(d) simulacrum

Explanation: 'Enormity' traditionally refers to great wickedness or moral outrageousness, not physical size. 'Enormousness' correctly refers to the vast physical size of the mountain range, which is what stunned the visitors.

Q.11 [Error Spotting]

The accusation of abatement to the crime (a) that had been levelled at him (b) was eventually not proven in court. (c) No error. (d)

(a) abatement to the crime ✓
(b) that had been levelled at him
(c) was eventually not proven in court
(d) No error

Explanation: 'Abatement' means a reduction or decrease, which is incorrect here. The word should be 'abetment' (aiding or encouraging someone to commit a crime). This is the error in part (a).

Q.12 [Error Spotting]

The unintentional mistakes (a) made by the clerical staff (b) was overlooked by the officer. (c) No error. (d)

(a) The unintentional mistakes
(b) made by the clerical staff
(c) was overlooked by the officer ✓
(d) No error

Explanation: The subject 'mistakes' is plural, so the verb must agree: 'were overlooked' not 'was overlooked'. Part (c) contains a subject-verb agreement error.

Q.13 [Error Spotting]

The opening batsman was famous (a) for the imperial strokes (b) he played throughout his career. (c) No error. (d)

(a) The opening batsman was famous
(b) for the imperial strokes ✓
(c) he played throughout his career
(d) No error

Explanation: 'Imperial' means relating to an empire, which is not the correct word here. The correct word is 'imperious' (commanding) or more likely 'impeccable', but in the context of batting the intended word is 'imperious' strokes — however, the error is the use of 'imperial' instead of 'imperious' in part (b).

Q.14 [Error Spotting]

Each student was meant to receive (a) an equal share of the scholarship but the eventual distribution (b) was found to be iniquitous. (c) No error. (d)

(a) Each student was meant to receive
(b) an equal share of the scholarship but the eventual distribution
(c) was found to be iniquitous
(d) No error ✓

Explanation: All three parts of the sentence are grammatically and semantically correct. 'Iniquitous' (grossly unfair/immoral) aptly describes an unequal distribution when equality was intended. No error.

Q.15 [Error Spotting]

No one turned up (a) to claim the stowed away piece of baggage (b) which was discovered on the luggage compartment of the bus. (c) No error. (d)

(a) No one turned up
(b) to claim the stowed away piece of baggage
(c) which was discovered on the luggage compartment of the bus ✓
(d) No error

Explanation: The preposition 'on' is incorrect; baggage discovered inside a compartment should use 'in': 'discovered in the luggage compartment'. Part (c) contains a preposition error.

Q.16 [Error Spotting]

Certain animals have a tendency (a) to communicate only with (b) its own species and none other. (c) No error. (d)

(a) Certain animals have a tendency
(b) to communicate only with
(c) its own species and none other ✓
(d) No error

Explanation: 'Certain animals' is plural, so the pronoun should be 'their' not 'its'. Part (c) has a pronoun-antecedent agreement error: 'their own species' is correct.

Q.17 [Error Spotting]

As soon as the clock (a) chimed to announce the hour at midnight (b) she sprung up from her bed. (c) No error. (d)

(a) As soon as the clock
(b) chimed to announce the hour at midnight
(c) she sprung up from her bed ✓
(d) No error

Explanation: 'Sprung' is the past participle of 'spring'; the simple past tense should be 'sprang'. The correct form is 'she sprang up from her bed'. Part (c) contains a tense/verb form error.

Q.18 [Error Spotting]

There are people who are likely (a) to fraternise with their (b) own community yet none other. (c) No error. (d)

(a) There are people who are likely
(b) to fraternise with their
(c) own community yet none other ✓
(d) No error

Explanation: 'Yet none other' is not idiomatic. The correct expression should be 'and none other' or more naturally 'but no other'. The conjunction 'yet' is used incorrectly here, making part (c) erroneous.

Q.19 [Error Spotting]

The mime show attracted (a) a huge audience despite the high price of tickets (b) which defied the purpose of the public event. (c) No error. (d)

(a) The mime show attracted
(b) a huge audience despite the high price of tickets
(c) which defied the purpose of the public event
(d) No error ✓

Explanation: The sentence is grammatically correct and semantically coherent — the high ticket prices defied the purpose of a public event meant to be accessible. No error.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.20 [Error Spotting]

He was unable to recall (a) where he had hanged his shirt (b) after returning home from office. (c) No error. (d)

(a) He was unable to recall
(b) where he had hanged his shirt ✓
(c) after returning home from office
(d) No error

Explanation: 'Hanged' is used specifically for execution by hanging. For objects like shirts, the correct past participle is 'hung'. Part (b) should read 'where he had hung his shirt'.

Q.21 [Grammar - Fill in the Blanks]

There is no truth _______ in claims even though they have been cleverly stated.

(a) thus
(b) there ✓
(c) supposed
(d) these

Explanation: The phrase 'there is no truth there' uses 'there' as an adverb meaning 'in those claims', correctly completing the sentence. The other options do not grammatically fit the context.

Q.22 [Grammar - Fill in the Blanks]

The bridge was intended to allow people to cross _______ to the other side of the river and get to work.

(a) on
(b) over
(c) across ✓
(d) down

Explanation: 'Cross across' uses 'across' as an adverb meaning from one side to the other, which is the standard idiomatic usage with 'cross' when referring to traversing a river to the other side.

Q.23 [Grammar - Fill in the Blanks]

I shall not rest _______ I have gone to the bottom of this matter and found the truth.

(a) after
(b) while
(c) for
(d) until ✓

Explanation: 'Not rest until' is the standard idiomatic expression meaning one will continue until a goal is achieved; 'until' correctly introduces the condition that must be fulfilled before resting.

Q.24 [Grammar - Fill in the Blanks]

There are several reasons behind my choice of location _______ the family visit.

(a) to
(b) in
(c) for ✓
(d) from

Explanation: 'For' is the correct preposition here — 'reasons for' is the standard collocation, and 'for the family visit' indicates purpose/occasion, making 'for' grammatically appropriate.

Q.25 [Grammar - Fill in the Blanks]

All human beings ought to have a moral centre to fall back _______ in times of crisis.

(a) On ✓
(b) into
(c) over
(d) along

Explanation: 'Fall back on' is an established phrasal verb meaning to rely on something as a resource or support, making 'on' the only correct choice here.

Q.26 [Vocabulary - Similar Sounding Words]

Pare, Pair, Pear 1. It is important to pare the branches of a tree to prevent excessive growth. 2. The pair of trees looked identical from a distance. 3. The pear tree was revered by the children of the locality for the bounty it offered each year. In which of the sentences given above has/have the words been used correctly?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 ✓

Explanation: 'Pare' means to trim/cut (correct for pruning branches), 'pair' means two identical things (correct for two trees), and 'pear' is the fruit-bearing tree (correct in sentence 3). All three words are used correctly.

Q.27 [Vocabulary - Similar Sounding Words]

Seance, Sconce, Scone 1. Those who practise spiritualism are at times seen to participate in a seance. 2. They enjoyed eating the sconce that were served to them in the exclusive club. 3. The scone reading on the graph indicated the correct value output of the experiment. In which of the sentences given above has/have the words been used correctly?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 only ✓
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Explanation: 'Seance' (a spiritualist session) is correctly used in sentence 1. In sentence 2, 'scone' (a baked good) should have been used, not 'sconce' (a wall bracket for candles). In sentence 3, 'scone' is incorrectly used; no such technical meaning exists for 'scone' on a graph.

Q.28 [Vocabulary - Similar Sounding Words]

Truism, Altruism 1. That one has to reap what one sows is a truism. 2. The altruism uttered by the seer covered the higher levels of spiritual knowledge. In which of the sentences given above has/have the words been used correctly?

(a) 1 only ✓
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation: 'Truism' (an obvious or widely accepted truth) is correctly used in sentence 1. 'Altruism' means selfless concern for others, not spiritual utterances — sentence 2 misuses it, likely confusing it with 'aphorism' or 'wisdom'.

Q.29 [Vocabulary - Similar Sounding Words]

Consequent, Consequence 1. Consequent to the decisions taken by the committee a new set of procedures was brought into force. 2. The past is of little consequence when one is willing to bravely face the challenges of the future. In which of the sentences given above has/have the words been used correctly?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 ✓
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation: 'Consequent to' (following as a result) is correctly used in sentence 1, and 'of little consequence' (of little importance/significance) is the standard idiomatic phrase correctly used in sentence 2. Both are correct.

Q.30 [Vocabulary - Similar Sounding Words]

Seize, Cease, Crease 1. The customs department decided to seize the consignment of contraband goods. 2. To improve relations the two parties decided that the hostilities between them should cease. 3. Military personnel are required to be attired in trousers with a knife-edge-like crease. In which of the sentences given above has/have the words been used correctly?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 ✓

Explanation: 'Seize' (to confiscate), 'cease' (to stop), and 'crease' (a sharp fold/line in fabric) are all correctly used in their respective sentences.

Q.31 [Idioms and Proverbs]

Listen with half an ear

(a) Not pay full attention ✓
(b) Being impartial
(c) Being imperious
(d) Listening with ironic distaste

Explanation: 'Listen with half an ear' is an idiom meaning to give only partial or distracted attention, i.e., not paying full attention to what is being said.

Q.32 [Idioms and Proverbs]

Dyed in the wool

(a) Changing notions because of a fluffy mind
(b) Assuming a different colour
(c) Adapting to conditions
(d) Unchanging and firm in belief and conviction ✓

Explanation: 'Dyed in the wool' refers to someone whose beliefs or character are deeply ingrained and unlikely to change — firmly and uncompromisingly set in their ways.

Q.33 [Idioms and Proverbs]

Let sleeping dogs lie

(a) Let things remain as they are because of laziness
(b) Not interfere in situations where interference may exacerbate matters ✓
(c) Not stoke a dangerous situation
(d) Lie about the past

Explanation: 'Let sleeping dogs lie' means to avoid raising or revisiting issues that could cause trouble; the best match is 'not interfere in situations where interference may exacerbate matters'.

Q.34 [Idioms and Proverbs]

A stitch in time saves nine

(a) Tying up complex matters with clever manoeuvres
(b) Poking at something repeatedly to rescue a situation
(c) Making unlikely connections among disparate subjects
(d) Timely addressal of a problem prevents future exacerbation of the same ✓

Explanation: 'A stitch in time saves nine' means that dealing with a problem promptly prevents it from becoming worse — timely action averts greater future effort.

Q.35 [Idioms and Proverbs]

Fight fire with fire

(a) Use the same force or strategy of one's opponent to counter them ✓
(b) Use incendiary tactics to destroy by fire
(c) Add fuel to further escalate a fiery situation
(d) Scorch one's opponent with a barrage of firing

Explanation: 'Fight fire with fire' means to use the same methods or tactics as one's opponent to counter or defeat them.

Q.36 [Idioms and Proverbs]

Straight and narrow

(a) Be excessively careful
(b) Honest and morally acceptable way of being ✓
(c) Follow the straight path defined by society
(d) To not deviate from one's goal

Explanation: 'The straight and narrow' refers to a morally correct and honest way of living, derived from the biblical 'strait and narrow' path of righteousness.

Q.37 [Idioms and Proverbs]

Someone's ears are burning

(a) The feeling when someone thinks others are talking about them ✓
(b) Being excessively jealous of others
(c) Being angry due to unfair criticism
(d) Itching to enter into an argument

Explanation: 'Someone's ears are burning' is an idiom describing the feeling or superstition that someone is being talked about by others in their absence.

Q.38 [Idioms and Proverbs]

Turn one's stomach

(a) Being nauseated by something or someone ✓
(b) Being plagued by a stomach upset
(c) Unable to cope with the changes
(d) Switch sides while asleep

Explanation: 'Turn one's stomach' means to cause a feeling of nausea or disgust — to find something extremely revolting or sickening.

Q.39 [Idioms and Proverbs]

The world is your oyster

(a) You have all the opportunity to obtain what you wish from life ✓
(b) Life is a precious gift
(c) Life is a puzzle you cannot ever unravel
(d) The world will dazzle you if you are not careful

Explanation: 'The world is your oyster' (from Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor) means you have the freedom and opportunity to achieve anything you want in life.

Q.40 [Idioms and Proverbs]

Cast one's bread upon the waters

(a) To dilute one's intentions
(b) To do good without seeking reward ✓
(c) To while away one's time in unfruitful activity
(d) To misdirect one's efforts in life

Explanation: 'Cast one's bread upon the waters' (from Ecclesiastes 11:1) means to do good deeds or be generous without expecting anything in return, trusting that good will eventually come back.

Q.41 [Sentence Relationships]

S1. The snowy albatross is among the largest birds that fly in the world. S2. It has the widest wingspan among all birds, with lengths reaching up to 12 feet. The second statement:

(a) contradicts the first
(b) contrasts with the first
(c) confirms the first
(d) reinforces the first ✓

Explanation: S2 provides a specific fact (widest wingspan) that strengthens and supports the claim in S1 that the albatross is among the largest flying birds, making it a reinforcement rather than mere confirmation (which would simply repeat the idea).

Q.42 [Sentence Relationships]

S1. A scientific theory is first proposed as a hypothesis. S2. After it is subjected to inquiry and is proven, it becomes a thesis. The second statement:

(a) proves the first
(b) hypothesises the first
(c) challenges the burden of proof
(d) extends the first ✓

Explanation: S2 takes the idea introduced in S1 (hypothesis stage) and extends it by describing the next stage in the progression, thus extending the first statement.

Q.43 [Sentence Relationships]

S1. The manhunt for the perpetrator of the crime spread across the entire state. S2. There was deep public anger triggered by the enormity of the crime. The second statement:

(a) is a precursor to the first ✓
(b) follows the first
(c) contradicts the first
(d) alters the premise of the first

Explanation: S2 describes public anger triggered by the crime, which logically precedes and causes the large-scale manhunt described in S1, making S2 a precursor to S1.

Q.44 [Sentence Relationships]

S1. Awareness about one's own personality type is very important. S2. Self-awareness is a difficult goal for most people. The second statement:

(a) contradicts the first
(b) is contrapuntal vis-a-vis the first ✓
(c) confirms the first
(d) contrasts the first

Explanation: S1 asserts the importance of self-awareness while S2 notes it is difficult to achieve; these two ideas work in counterpoint (contrapuntal) — neither contradicting nor confirming, but playing against each other thematically.

Q.45 [Sentence Relationships]

S1. Liberalisation changed the contours of India's economy. S2. India is today poised to become one of the top economies of the world. The second statement:

(a) contradicts the first
(b) contrasts with the first
(c) correlates to the first ✓
(d) coincides with the first

Explanation: S2 (India's current economic position) is a result that correlates with the economic transformation described in S1 (liberalisation), showing a cause-effect relationship.

Q.46 [Sentence Relationships]

S1. The final outcome can never be predicted incontrovertibly. S2. All outcomes are based on variables that cannot always be fully understood. The second statement:

(a) fully reinforces the first
(b) reinforces the first to an extent ✓
(c) definitely follows the first
(d) definitely does not follow the first

Explanation: S2 explains that variables 'cannot always be fully understood' (not that they are always unknowable), which supports but does not fully reinforce S1's absolute claim that outcomes 'can never' be predicted incontrovertibly — hence reinforces only to an extent.

Q.47 [Sentence Relationships]

S1. Mastery over any art form requires years of dedication and perseverance. S2. It takes 10,000 hours of practice to become an expert in a field. The second statement:

(a) is not consistent with the first
(b) is fully consistent with the first ✓
(c) is marginally consistent with the first
(d) is the only possible explanation for the first

Explanation: S2 (the 10,000-hour rule) directly supports and is fully consistent with S1's claim that mastery requires years of dedication and perseverance.

Q.48 [Sentence Relationships]

S1. The beauty of India's democracy rests in the greatness of its Constitution. S2. The Constitution of India upholds the collective values of the country's civilizational ethos. The second statement:

(a) connects with the mention of Indian democracy in the first
(b) provides a reason for the assertion regarding the Constitution in the first ✓
(c) contradicts the assertion about democracy in the first
(d) has no connection with the first

Explanation: S2 explains why the Constitution is great (it upholds civilizational values), thereby providing a reason for the assertion made about the Constitution in S1.

Q.49 [Sentence Relationships]

S1. Roseate is an adjective for the rose flower. S2. The rose is a powerful poetic symbol in many languages. The second statement:

(a) expands the first ✓
(b) explicates the first
(c) contrasts the first
(d) coincides with the first

Explanation: S1 defines a grammatical/linguistic fact about the rose, while S2 adds new information about the rose's cultural and poetic significance, thereby expanding on the subject introduced in S1.

Q.50 [Sentence Relationships]

S1. The early bird gets the worm. S2. To go about one's tasks expeditiously is to achieve one's goals. The second statement:

(a) makes assertions about the first
(b) provides a metaphorical reassertion of the first ✓
(c) reinforces the assumption of the first
(d) contrasts with the first

Explanation: S1 is a proverb (metaphorical) and S2 restates the same idea in literal language, making S2 a metaphorical reassertion — expressing the same meaning in a different (non-metaphorical) form.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.51 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts: P: considered to be paradigmatic Q: sociological study of peasant movements in India R: the Telangana peasant revolt against the Nizam of Hyderabad in the 1940s is often S: and the only instance worthy of attention in a comparative

(a) RQSP
(b) RQPS ✓
(c) RPSQ
(d) RSPQ

Explanation: The logical sentence is: 'The Telangana peasant revolt...is often [R] considered to be paradigmatic [P] and the only instance worthy of attention in a comparative [S] sociological study of peasant movements in India [Q]' — sequence RPSQ = option (c).

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.51 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a proper sentence: P: considered to be paradigmatic Q: sociological study of peasant movements in India R: the Telangana peasant revolt against the Nizam of Hyderabad in the 1940s is often S: and the only instance worthy of attention in a comparative

(a) RQSP
(b) RQPS
(c) RPSQ ✓
(d) RSPQ

Explanation: The correct sentence: 'The Telangana peasant revolt...is often [R] considered to be paradigmatic [P] and the only instance worthy of attention in a comparative [S] sociological study of peasant movements in India [Q]' — order RPSQ.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.52 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a proper sentence: P: Social movements, nonetheless Q: their political institutions, process and parties R: one of the major attributes of and with S: is their coexistence with national states and

(a) RQSP
(b) RPSQ ✓
(c) RSPQ
(d) QSRP

Explanation: The sentence reads: 'Social movements, nonetheless [P], one of the major attributes of and with [R] is their coexistence with national states and [S] their political institutions, process and parties [Q]' — order PRSQ, but among the given options RPSQ (b) best fits the fragment logic where R leads into P then S then Q.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.53 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a proper sentence: P: most of the minerals are nationalised Q: is possible only after the R: government grants permission as S: extraction of minerals in India

(a) SQRP
(b) SQPR ✓
(c) PQRS
(d) RQPS

Explanation: The sentence reads: 'Extraction of minerals in India [S] is possible only after the [Q] government grants permission as [R] most of the minerals are nationalised [P]' — order SQRP... but option (b) is SQPR giving: S+Q+P+R = 'extraction of minerals in India is possible only after the most of the minerals are nationalised government grants permission as' which is wrong. Option (a) SQRP: 'extraction of minerals in India [S] is possible only after the [Q] government grants permission as [R] most of the minerals are nationalised [P]' — this is grammatically coherent, so answer is (a).

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.54 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a proper sentence: P: radical or limited change and whether they focus on Q: along two axes, whether they seek R: the entire society or on specific individuals S: sociological theories distinguish social movements

(a) PRSQ
(b) QSRP
(c) RPSQ
(d) SQPR ✓

Explanation: The sentence reads: 'Sociological theories distinguish social movements [S] along two axes, whether they seek [Q] radical or limited change and whether they focus on [P] the entire society or on specific individuals [R]' — order SQPR = option (d).

Q.55 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a proper sentence: P: are more defensive than offensive and Q: although most social movements R: tend to be temporary, they S: are important agents of social transformation

(a) PQSR
(b) QPRS ✓
(c) SPQR
(d) RSPQ

Explanation: The sentence reads: 'Although most social movements [Q] are more defensive than offensive and [P] tend to be temporary, they [R] are important agents of social transformation [S]' — order QPRS = option (b).

Q.56 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a proper sentence: P: in India, the automobile industry Q: one of the largest industries R: growth during the last two decades S: has witnessed impressive

(a) QPSR ✓
(b) SPRQ
(c) RQSP
(d) PQSR

Explanation: The sentence reads: 'One of the largest industries [Q] in India, the automobile industry [P] has witnessed impressive [S] growth during the last two decades [R]' — order QPSR = option (a).

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.57 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a proper sentence: P: was formed in 1870 to give voice to the demands Q: in western India, the Sarvajanik Sabha R: and all classes of people were its members S: and needs of the people

(a) QPRS
(b) PQSR
(c) QPSR ✓
(d) RPSQ

Explanation: The sentence reads: 'In western India, the Sarvajanik Sabha [Q] was formed in 1870 to give voice to the demands [P] and needs of the people [S] and all classes of people were its members [R]' — order QPSR = option (c).

Q.58 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a proper sentence: P: the opportunities to the greater triumphs Q: today are but a step towards R: the achievements we celebrate S: and achievements that await us (Note: only P, Q, R, S labels visible; sentence fragment about achievements)

(a) QRPS
(b) SPRQ
(c) PSQR
(d) RQPS ✓

Explanation: The sentence reads: 'The achievements we celebrate [R] today are but a step towards [Q] the opportunities to the greater triumphs [P] and achievements that await us [S]' — order RQPS = option (d).

Q.59 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a proper sentence: P: and the vision to carry out a full-scale revolution Q: part in revolts against taxes and food scarcity R: but they lacked the means, programmes S: during British rule peasants often took

(a) SQRP ✓
(b) QPSR
(c) RPQS
(d) PQSR

Explanation: The sentence reads: 'During British rule peasants often took [S] part in revolts against taxes and food scarcity [Q] but they lacked the means, programmes [R] and the vision to carry out a full-scale revolution [P]' — order SQRP = option (a).

Q.60 [Ordering of Words in a Sentence]

Rearrange the jumbled parts to form a proper sentence: P: its policy and announced reforms Q: that the mounting tension was heading R: the colonial Government, now seeing S: towards a crisis, wisely decided to change

(a) PQRS
(b) RQSP ✓
(c) SPRQ
(d) SQRP

Explanation: The sentence reads: 'The colonial Government, now seeing [R] that the mounting tension was heading [Q] towards a crisis, wisely decided to change [S] its policy and announced reforms [P]' — order RQSP = option (b).

Q.61 [Sentence Ordering]

S1: The minimum thermometer has a large bore and its fluid is colourless alcohol. S6: The daily temperature is recorded since a permanent, continuous record of temperature is desired. P: When the meniscus moves up the bore it leaves the index behind to register the lowest temperature. Q: Resetting the dumbbell of the minimum thermometer is accompanied by the action of inverting the stem until the index slides down to the meniscus. R: A tiny, dark index in the shape of a long dumbbell is placed in the bore below the top of the alcohol column. S: It is mounted horizontally and as the alcohol contracts with the decreasing temperature the meniscus of the alcohol pulls the index down. Choose the correct order of P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) QSRP
(b) QPRS
(c) SQRP
(d) SRQP ✓

Explanation: After S1 (describing the thermometer), R introduces the dumbbell index, then S describes the horizontal mounting and pulling of the index, then Q describes resetting, then P explains the meniscus leaving the index behind — giving RSQP. However among the given choices SRQP (d) best fits: S (mounted horizontally, contracts), R (dumbbell index placed), Q (resetting by inverting), P (meniscus moves up leaving index behind).

Q.62 [Sentence Ordering]

S1: The Cretaceous Period extends from about 146 million years ago to 65 million years ago. S6: During this period, enormous quantity of basaltic lava was poured out to the surface assuming a great thickness of over three thousand meters. P: Apart from deposits this period is marked by the transgression of the sea and outpouring of huge quantity of lava so as to form the Deccan trap and intrusion of plutonic rocks such as gabbro and granite. Q: Towards the end of the Cretaceous Period the peninsula was affected by intense volcanic activity. R: This outpouring has been very widely distributed in the country with divergent facies of deposits being found in different parts of India. S: In contrast to the relatively newer Himalayas, these facies that are found in different parts of India are much older in origin. Choose the correct order of P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) QSRP ✓
(b) QPRS
(c) PRSQ
(d) PQSR

Explanation: Q introduces volcanic activity at the end of the Cretaceous Period; S contrasts the older facies with the Himalayas; R explains the wide distribution of the outpouring; P then summarises all the features including transgression and lava outpouring — giving QSRP, leading into S6 about the enormous lava quantity.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.63 [Sentence Ordering]

S1: The Central Indian Highlands known as the Vindhyan Mountains occupy a large basin extending from Chittorgarh in the west to Sasaram and Dehri-on-Sone in the east. S6: The Panna District of Madhya Pradesh and the Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh are well-known for diamond production. P: One branch of the basin extends from Sasaram to Hoshangabad. Q: In some of the exposures of the Vindhyan Systems are found diamond-bearing conglomerates. R: This branch of this basin occupies a large continuous area stretching over one lakh square kilometre from the Chambal to the Sone. S: Several isolated exposures of sedimentary rocks occur in the Bastar area of Chhattisgarh. Choose the correct order of P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) PRSQ ✓
(b) QPRS
(c) SPQR
(d) PQSR

Explanation: P introduces one branch of the basin; R expands on this branch's large area; S mentions isolated exposures in Bastar; Q then mentions diamond-bearing conglomerates in some exposures, leading into S6 about diamond production districts — giving PRSQ.

Q.64 [Sentence Ordering]

S1: Drought is a continuous and lengthy period during which no significant rainfall is recorded during the rainy season. S6: In India, droughts are more frequent in the areas where the average annual rainfall is less than 60 cm and the variability of rainfall is over 20 per cent. P: This definition however, does not apply to Mawsynram and Cherrapunji, where even one week recording less than 0.25 mm of rainfall may be considered as a drought period. Q: In general, the areas recording less than 60 cm of rainfall annually and in which the variability of rainfall is more than 20 per cent are the drought prone areas in India. R: In India, the Meteorological Department has defined drought as a period of at least 22 consecutive days on none of which is there more than 0.25 mm of rainfall. S: Areas where the variability of rainfall varies between 20 to 60 per cent are the chronic drought prone areas. Choose the correct order of P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) QRPS
(b) SPQR
(c) PQSR
(d) RPQS ✓

Explanation: R provides India's Meteorological Department definition; P gives an exception to that definition; Q generalises about drought-prone areas; S specifies chronic drought-prone areas — giving RPQS, which flows logically from definition to exception to general areas to specific chronic areas, building toward S6.

Q.65 [Sentence Ordering]

S1: The definition of large farmers differs from state to state in India. S6: This trend increased the income base of those who were already relatively well-off and better placed in society. P: In the initial phase of the Green Revolution, the large farmers were able to adopt the High Yielding Varieties easily. Q: The new varieties increased their savings, both to buy machinery that can displace labour and to purchase more land. R: For example, a farmer having 10 acres in Kerala is a large farmer, while in Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana he falls under the category of a small or medium farmer. S: All the studies conducted in areas where Green Revolution is a success show that the large farmers have been the main gainers of the package programme. Choose the correct order of P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) QPRS
(b) RSPQ ✓
(c) PQSR
(d) SQRP

Explanation: R gives an example of the state-wise definition (directly following S1); S introduces the Green Revolution context where large farmers gained; P describes their easy adoption of HYV; Q explains how savings enabled further accumulation — giving RSPQ, leading into S6 about increased income base.

Q.66 [Sentence Ordering]

S1: The Great Depression was a period of unemployment, low profits, low prices of goods, high poverty and a stand-still trade market that affected the entire world. S6: Most notably among these was the New Deal, which involved large scale federal relief programmes, aid to agriculture, support for labour unions, etc. P: It began around 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s. Q: Though the stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Depression, it certainly increased the difficulty of recovery. R: The worst hit sectors were heavy industry, agriculture, mining and logging. S: The Depression ended in 1935 and led to major political initiatives. Choose the correct order of P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) QPRS
(b) SQPR
(c) PRQS ✓
(d) SQRP

Explanation: P gives the time frame (began 1929); R describes the worst-hit sectors; Q introduces the stock market crash's role in complicating recovery; S states that the Depression ended in 1935 and led to political initiatives — giving PRQS, which leads naturally into S6 about the New Deal as one such initiative.

Q.67 [Sentence Ordering]

S1: Resources are essential for sustenance as well as for development. S6: Conservation does not prohibit the use of resources but emphasises judicious and planned use of natural resources. P: Over-exploitation and unplanned consumption of resources for development, however, are leading to their depletion. Q: These consequences can be tackled by adopting resource conservation as a means to manage and save resources for a better future. R: Such depletion has socio-economic and environmental consequences. S: Conservation of resources means efficiently using resources that are needed now, without harming future prospects. Choose the correct order of P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) QPRS
(b) SQPR
(c) PRQS ✓
(d) SQRP

Explanation: P introduces over-exploitation leading to depletion; R explains the consequences of such depletion; Q proposes conservation to tackle these consequences; S defines what conservation means — giving PRQS, which flows into S6's elaboration on conservation.

Q.68 [Sentence Ordering]

S1: Land is a very important resource. S6: India has a vast landmass but it is important to ensure careful planning in the utilization of its land resources. P: It is therefore an important asset that needs to be used with care and concern because it is finite in nature. Q: All over the world, land supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, and communication and transport systems. R: Hence, land is of great significance for all nations. S: In consequence to all of these, careful planning of land use assumes the utmost significance. Choose the correct order of P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) QRPS ✓
(b) SQPR
(c) QPSR
(d) SQRP

Explanation: Q explains land's wide-ranging support functions across the world; R draws the conclusion that land is of great significance; P reinforces that it must be used carefully as it is finite; S states that careful planning of land use is therefore important — giving QRPS, leading into S6 about India's vast landmass and planning.

Q.69 [Sentence Ordering]

S1: The National Forest Policy (1952) has outlined that the desired forest area of a country must be at least 33 per cent of the geographical area. S6: Some land is termed as land put to other non-agricultural uses; this includes settlements, roads, railways, industries, etc. P: However the present forest cover is only 23 per cent, much lower than the desired percentage. Q: This was felt to be necessary for maintaining the ecological balance. R: Some land is termed as wasteland; this includes rocky, arid and desert areas. S: This creates difficulties for millions of people who live in the fringe areas of forests and depend upon the forests for their livelihood. Choose the correct order of P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) PQRS
(b) SQPR
(c) QSPR
(d) QPSR ✓

Explanation: Q explains why 33% was deemed necessary (ecological balance), directly following S1's policy statement; P notes the current cover is only 23% (shortfall); S describes the hardship this creates for forest-fringe communities; R introduces the classification of wasteland — giving QPSR, leading into S6 about non-agricultural land uses.

Q.70 [Sentence Ordering]

S1: Trade and transport have been very significant in the progress of human life. S6: Thus, trade transport and communication complement each other. P: For a long time trade and transport moved within the restricted boundaries of space and time. Q: This has been made possible by the development of a fast and efficient transport and communication system. R: However, with the developments in the field of science and technology, trade and transport have spread all over the world. S: The world has, as a consequence, become one big village and distances have become immaterial or, to be more precise, distances seem to have shrunk. Choose the correct order of P, Q, R, S between S1 and S6.

(a) PSQR
(b) PRSQ ✓
(c) QSPR
(d) SQRP

Explanation: P sets the historical limitation; R introduces the change via science and technology; S describes the resulting shrinkage of distances; Q explains this was made possible by fast transport and communication — giving PRSQ, leading into S6's conclusion that trade, transport and communication complement each other.

Q.71 [Vocabulary - Match the Following]

Match List I (word/expression) with List II (meaning): A. Vernacular — ? B. Rhetoric — ? C. Parlance — ? D. Jargon — ? List II: 1. Language intended to influence people 2. Language of ordinary people 3. Language used for a specialized communication 4. Language used by a particular group of people

(a) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
(b) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 ✓
(c) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(d) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2

Explanation: Vernacular = language of ordinary people (2); Rhetoric = language intended to influence people (1); Parlance = language used by a particular group (4); Jargon = language used for specialised communication (3) — giving A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3.

Q.72 [Vocabulary - Match the Following]

Match List I with List II: A. Internecine — ? B. Revoke — ? C. Exonerate — ? D. Venerable — ? List II: 1. Officially cancelling the power of an agreement 2. To clear someone officially from an earlier accusation 3. Things occurring between people of same community 4. Valued and respected

(a) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 ✓
(b) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
(c) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
(d) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

Explanation: Internecine = occurring between members of the same group/community (3); Revoke = officially cancel the power of an agreement (1); Exonerate = clear someone from an accusation (2); Venerable = valued and respected (4) — giving A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4.

Q.73 [Vocabulary - Match the Following]

Match List I with List II: A. Atonement — ? B. Sacrilege — ? C. Clawback — ? D. Bandwagon — ? List II: 1. Retrieving money already paid 2. Contaminating a holy place 3. Involvement of a large number of people in something 4. Making amends for mistakes

(a) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
(b) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
(c) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3 ✓
(d) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

Explanation: Atonement = making amends for mistakes (4); Sacrilege = contaminating/violating a holy place (2); Clawback = retrieving money already paid (1); Bandwagon = involvement of a large number of people in something (3) — giving A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3.

Q.74 [Vocabulary - Match the Following]

Match List I with List II: A. Felony — ? B. Restitution — ? C. Chagrin — ? D. Diatribe — ? List II: 1. A long written piece of criticism 2. To return a lost or stolen article 3. Serious crime 4. Distressed on account of humiliation

(a) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
(b) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
(c) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 ✓
(d) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1

Explanation: Felony = serious crime (3); Restitution = returning a lost or stolen article/restoring (2); Chagrin = distress/embarrassment due to humiliation (4); Diatribe = a long piece of bitter criticism (1) — giving A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1.

Q.75 [Vocabulary - Match the Following]

Match List I with List II: A. Wrangle — ? B. Wacky — ? C. Codex — ? D. Postscript — ? List II: 1. Additional piece of information added to the main text 2. Amusing and strange 3. Complicated and prolonged argument 4. An ancient text

(a) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
(b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
(c) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
(d) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 ✓

Explanation: Wrangle = complicated and prolonged argument (3); Wacky = amusing and strange (2); Codex = an ancient manuscript text (4); Postscript = additional piece of information added to the main text (1) — giving A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1.

Q.76 [Vocabulary - Match the Following]

Match List I with List II: A. Inveterate — ? B. Sangfroid — ? C. Oracy — ? D. Interment — ? List II: 1. Something that always happens 2. Ability to express well in speech 3. Ability to stay calm in difficult situation 4. Burying the dead

(a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
(b) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 ✓
(c) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
(d) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

Explanation: Inveterate = habitual, something that always happens or is deeply ingrained (1); Sangfroid = composure/ability to stay calm in difficult situations (3); Oracy = ability to express oneself fluently in speech (2); Interment = the burial of a dead body (4) — giving A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4.

Q.77 [Vocabulary - Match the Following]

Match List I with List II: A. Ex gratia — ? B. Suo moto — ? C. Arraignment — ? D. Locus standi — ? List II: 1. The right or capacity to bring an action 2. Something that is done for free 3. On his own motion 4. To state the charges in a court of law

(a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
(b) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 ✓
(c) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
(d) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3

Explanation: Ex gratia = done as a favour/free, not legally required (2); Suo moto = on one's own motion without prompting (3); Arraignment = stating the charges against an accused in court (4); Locus standi = the right or capacity to bring an action before a court (1) — giving A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1.

Q.78 [Vocabulary - Match the Following]

Match List I with List II: A. Fait accompli — ? B. Hedonism — ? C. Hoplarchy — ? D. Ochlocracy — ? List II: 1. Something already decided with no option to deny 2. Government by the military 3. Government by the mobs 4. Pertaining to pleasure

(a) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
(b) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
(c) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
(d) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3 ✓

Explanation: Fait accompli = something already done/decided with no option to reverse (1); Hedonism = the pursuit of pleasure as the primary goal (4); Hoplarchy = government by the military (2); Ochlocracy = government by the mob (3) — giving A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3.

Q.79 [Vocabulary - Match the Following]

Match List I with List II: A. Nadir — ? B. Rhapsody — ? C. Amble — ? D. Pittance — ? List II: 1. Walking slowly 2. Very small amount of money 3. Lowest point of something 4. Written or spoken expressions of praise

(a) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 ✓
(b) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
(c) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(d) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2

Explanation: Nadir = the lowest point of something (3); Rhapsody = an ecstatic expression of praise or enthusiasm (4); Amble = to walk slowly in a relaxed manner (1); Pittance = a very small amount of money (2) — giving A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2.

Q.80 [Vocabulary - Match the Following]

Match List I with List II: A. Damp squib — ? B. Excerpt — ? C. Rostrum — ? D. Scourge — ? List II: 1. Small raised platform on a stage 2. Something that causes a great deal of trouble 3. Situations or events that are less impressive than expected 4. Small part of a longer text, film, or musical piece

(a) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 ✓
(b) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
(c) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(d) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2

Explanation: Damp squib = something that turns out to be far less impressive than expected (3); Excerpt = a short extract from a longer text, film or piece (4); Rostrum = a raised platform from which a speaker addresses an audience (1); Scourge = something that causes great suffering or trouble (2) — giving A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2.

Q.81 [Vocabulary in Context]

In which of the following sentences is the word 'cuneiform' used correctly? S1: The cuneiform pattern in the arch of the temples give them a grand appearance. S2: Cuneiform literally means wedge-shaped, and is an ancient form of writing on clay. S3: Cuneiform-shaped geographical features across the desert bear the mark of vigorous wind erosion.

(a) 1
(b) 2 ✓
(c) 3
(d) None

Explanation: 'Cuneiform' refers specifically to an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia. S2 correctly defines and uses the term. S1 misuses it as a decorative pattern and S3, while cuneiform means wedge-shaped, using it as a standalone adjective for geographical features is non-standard and unusual usage.

Q.82 [Vocabulary in Context]

In which of the following sentences is the word 'chutzpah' used correctly? S1: He displayed real chutzpah while facing the belligerent opposition all by himself. S2: The lawyer displayed rare chutzpah in presenting tectonic evidence in court that changed the track of the case entirely. S3: He ran with chutzpah to secure first prize at the award ceremony.

(a) 1 ✓
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) None

Explanation: 'Chutzpah' means supreme self-confidence or audacity. S1 correctly uses it to describe boldly facing opposition. S2 confuses it with skill/ability in presenting evidence, and S3 incorrectly uses it as a manner of running physically.

Q.83 [Vocabulary in Context]

In which of the following sentences is the word 'quotidian' used correctly? S1: It was quotidian on account of the courtiers to take great pains to maintain the dignity of the ailing monarch. S2: The rules of conduct of the highest judiciary are quotidian principles on which rest the very foundations of justice and democracy. S3: His quotidian life is, contrary to what people think, rather unexciting.

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3 ✓
(d) None

Explanation: 'Quotidian' means of or occurring every day; ordinary or routine. S3 correctly uses it to describe an everyday, routine life. S1 uses 'quotidian' as a predicate adjective in a grammatically awkward construction, and S2 misapplies it to foundational judicial principles (which are not merely everyday/routine matters).

Q.84 [Vocabulary in Context]

In which of the following sentences is the word 'moribund' used correctly? S1: The moribund state of the decaying colony depressed everyone. S2: The strength of the collective remained moribund despite attempts at scuttling unity. S3: Driven by a common purpose, the moribund group decided it would prevail notwithstanding of the adverseness of the situation.

(a) 1 ✓
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) None

Explanation: 'Moribund' means in terminal decline or at the point of death. S1 correctly describes a decaying colony as moribund. S2 incorrectly uses it for 'strength' which cannot be moribund, and S3 contradicts itself — a moribund group cannot be 'driven by a common purpose' to prevail.

Q.85 [Vocabulary in Context]

In which of the following sentences is the word 'fecundity/fecund' used correctly? S1: The Gangetic plains are blessed with historically-significant fecundity on account of its rich soil. S2: The couple sought blessings at the temple that was believed to possess the power to transform childlessness into fecundity. S3: The grass across the prairies made the landscape appear particularly fecund, with cattle grazing by the thousands.

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) None ✓

Explanation: S1 uses 'fecundity' correctly (soil fertility) but has a grammatical error ('its' should be 'their'). S2 is correct usage. S3 is also semantically acceptable. Since S1 has a grammatical inconsistency and all three have some merit, but the question asks for correct usage of the word — S2 and S3 are both correct, yet the options allow only one answer. S2 is the most unambiguous correct usage of 'fecundity' (fertility/fruitfulness in the reproductive sense). However, since the options are numbered 1, 2, 3, None — and S1 has a pronoun agreement error, S3 is adjectival form, and S2 is a proper noun usage, 'None' is selected if all have errors, but S2 appears correct. Given CDS paper conventions, answer is 'None' if a subtle error exists in each, but S2 and S3 appear correct. Best answer: None (d) is not warranted; S2 (b) is correct.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.86 [Discourse Markers]

____________, the process by which the State took over from the Church the registration of births, death, and marriages was complete by 1792 in Europe.

(a) Besides
(b) However
(c) Later ✓
(d) Instead

Explanation: The sentence requires a time-referencing discourse marker indicating that the process was completed at a specific later point in time. 'Later' correctly introduces a temporal sequence, fitting the context of a historical process being completed by 1792.

Q.87 [Discourse Markers]

___________ the matter cannot be settled that easily.

(a) Unevenly
(b) Unfortunately ✓
(c) Unfortunate
(d) Whatever

Explanation: The sentence requires an adverb to modify the clause. 'Unfortunately' is an adverb that correctly introduces a statement conveying regret about the difficulty of settling the matter. 'Unfortunate' is an adjective and cannot function as a sentence adverb here.

Q.88 [Discourse Markers]

___________ the leader's comments came a day after the party's performance in the region was not encouraging.

(a) Despite
(b) Engagingly
(c) Moreover ✓
(d) Endearingly

Explanation: 'Moreover' is an additive discourse marker used to introduce additional information. The sentence adds context to previous information about the party's poor performance, making 'Moreover' the most logical connector here.

Q.89 [Discourse Markers]

___________________ the squad also has a couple of new faces who are equally well-qualified to play the forthcoming match.

(a) While
(b) Because of
(c) Meanwhile ✓
(d) Kind of

Explanation: 'Meanwhile' is used to introduce something happening at the same time or as an additional point. Here it signals that alongside other developments, the squad also has new qualified players, making it the most appropriate discourse marker.

Q.90 [Discourse Markers]

The Principal was addressing the students on ways and means of conducting the sports meet of the college ___________., responding to the opinion of one of the athletes, she wanted to learn about how more sports could be included in the meet.

(a) In spite of
(b) While ✓
(c) Still
(d) Further

Explanation: 'While' is used to indicate two actions happening simultaneously. The Principal was addressing students while at the same time responding to an athlete's opinion, making 'while' the correct discourse marker for simultaneous actions.

Q.91 [Word Meanings (Confusables)]

Elicit and Illicit — identify the option that most appropriately describes the meaning of both words.

(a) Elicit is a verb meaning forbidden by law. Illicit is an adjective meaning draw a reaction from someone.
(b) Elicit is an adverb meaning to draw a reaction from someone. Illicit is a determiner meaning forbidden by law.
(c) Elicit is a verb meaning to draw a reaction from someone. Illicit is an adjective meaning forbidden by law. ✓
(d) Elicit is an adverb meaning forbidden by law. Illicit is an adjective meaning to draw a reaction from someone.

Explanation: 'Elicit' is a verb meaning to draw out a response or reaction; 'illicit' is an adjective meaning not legally permitted or forbidden by law. Option (c) correctly identifies both the parts of speech and meanings.

Q.92 [Word Meanings (Confusables)]

Ensure and Insure — identify the option that most appropriately describes the meaning of both words.

(a) Ensure is a transitive verb meaning to make something certain. Insure is a transitive verb meaning to make certain by taking necessary precaution. ✓
(b) Ensure is a determiner meaning to make something certain. Insure is a determiner meaning to make certain by taking necessary precaution.
(c) Ensure is a determiner meaning to make certain by taking necessary precaution. Insure is a determiner to make something certain.
(d) Ensure is an adjective meaning to make certain by taking necessary precaution. Insure is a conjunction to make something certain.

Explanation: Both 'ensure' and 'insure' are transitive verbs. 'Ensure' means to make something certain; 'insure' means to arrange insurance or take precautions to guarantee something. Option (a) correctly identifies both as transitive verbs with their appropriate meanings.

Q.93 [Word Meanings (Confusables)]

Imitated and Intimated — identify the option that most appropriately describes the meaning of both words.

(a) Imitate is a pronoun meaning take or follow as a model. Intimate is a noun meaning closely acquainted.
(b) Imitate is an adjective meaning closely acquainted. Intimate is a verb meaning take or follow as a model.
(c) Imitate is an interjection meaning take or follow as a model. Intimate is an adverb meaning closely acquainted.
(d) Imitate is a verb meaning take or follow as a model. Intimate is an adjective meaning closely acquainted. ✓

Explanation: 'Imitate' is a verb meaning to take or follow as a model or copy; 'intimate' as an adjective means closely acquainted or familiar. Option (d) correctly identifies 'imitate' as a verb and 'intimate' as an adjective with their correct meanings.

Q.94 [Word Meanings (Confusables)]

Compare and Compere — identify the option that most appropriately describes the meaning of both words.

(a) Compare is an adjective and it means to estimate or measure something. Compere is a determiner and it refers to the person who introduces the performers.
(b) Compare is a verb and it means to estimate or measure something. Compere is a noun and it refers to the person who introduces the performers. ✓
(c) Compare is a verb and it refers to the person who introduces the performers. Compere is a noun and it means to estimate or measure something.
(d) Compare is a conjunction and it means to estimate or measure something. Compere is an auxiliary verb and it refers to the person who introduces the performers.

Explanation: 'Compare' is a verb meaning to estimate or note similarities/differences; 'compere' is a noun (and verb) referring to a person who introduces performers or acts as master of ceremonies. Option (b) correctly identifies both parts of speech and meanings.

Q.95 [Word Meanings (Confusables)]

Precept and Percept — identify the option that most appropriately describes the meaning of both words.

(a) Precept is a verb and it means a general rule intended to regulate behaviour. Percept is an adjective and it means an object of perception.
(b) Precept is a pronoun and it means a general rule intended to regulate behaviour. Percept is an adjective and it means an object of perception.
(c) Precept is a noun and it means a general rule intended to regulate behaviour. Percept is a noun and it means an object of perception. ✓
(d) Precept is a noun and it means an object of perception. Percept is a noun and it means a general rule intended to regulate behaviour.

Explanation: 'Precept' is a noun meaning a general rule intended to regulate behaviour or thought; 'percept' is a noun in psychology/philosophy meaning an object of perception or the mental result of perceiving. Option (c) correctly identifies both as nouns with their correct definitions.

Q.96 [Word Usage]

In which of the following sentences is the word 'practice' used correctly? a: He would practice for his basketball match for hours every day. b: Our neighbour has been practicing acupuncture for a long time. c: As she practiced, the sound of music filled the halls. d: It is not good practice to repeat old mistakes.

(a) He would practice for his basketball match for hours every day.
(b) Our neighbour has been practicing acupuncture for a long time.
(c) As she practiced, the sound of music filled the halls.
(d) It is not good practice to repeat old mistakes. ✓

Explanation: In standard British English (used in CDS exams), 'practice' is the noun and 'practise' is the verb. Option (d) uses 'practice' correctly as a noun. Options (a), (b), and (c) use 'practice/practicing/practiced' as verbs, where 'practise' would be correct.

Q.97 [Word Usage]

In which of the following sentences is the word 'immensely' used correctly? a: Savita felt immensely happy when she got promoted as one of the Directors. b: Ravi's contribution was immensely to the successful completion of the project. c: Some countries produce oil immensely which impact the world economy. d: He boasts of eating breakfast immensely and falls sick often.

(a) Savita felt immensely happy when she got promoted as one of the Directors. ✓
(b) Ravi's contribution was immensely to the successful completion of the project.
(c) Some countries produce oil immensely which impact the world economy.
(d) He boasts of eating breakfast immensely and falls sick often.

Explanation: 'Immensely' is an adverb meaning to a very great degree, used to modify adjectives or other adverbs. In option (a), it correctly modifies the adjective 'happy'. The other options misuse it by placing it where it cannot grammatically or semantically modify anything appropriately.

Q.98 [Word Usage]

In which of the following sentences is the word 'insuperable' used correctly? a: The difficulties presented by the situation seemed to be insuperable. b: The group went insuperable for weeks during the agitation until the demands were met. c: The insuperable element in the whole engagement was the leader herself. d: The hostel administration remained insuperable for a month.

(a) The difficulties presented by the situation seemed to be insuperable. ✓
(b) The group went insuperable for weeks during the agitation until the demands were met.
(c) The insuperable element in the whole engagement was the leader herself.
(d) The hostel administration remained insuperable for a month.

Explanation: 'Insuperable' means impossible to overcome. Option (a) correctly uses it to describe difficulties that cannot be overcome. The other sentences misuse it by applying it to a group's behaviour, a person, or an administration in ways that do not fit the meaning.

Q.99 [Word Usage]

In which of the following sentences is the word 'amoral' used correctly? a: Murder can be categorized as an amoral act. b: We must send out a message that we are not an amoral society. c: It is amoral to cheat the one who loves you. d: The pursuit of victory at all costs allows for amoral conduct.

(a) Murder can be categorized as an amoral act.
(b) We must send out a message that we are not an amoral society.
(c) It is amoral to cheat the one who loves you.
(d) The pursuit of victory at all costs allows for amoral conduct. ✓

Explanation: 'Amoral' means lacking any moral standards or principles — neither moral nor immoral. Option (d) correctly uses it to describe conduct that is outside moral considerations. Murder (a) and cheating (c) are 'immoral', not 'amoral'; option (b) also conflates amoral with immoral.

Q.100 [Word Usage]

In which of the following sentences is the word 'emigrate' used correctly? a: Animals emigrate in search of food from place to place. b: The family decided to emigrate to a safe and secure country. c: Workers emigrate from province to province in search of seasonal jobs. d: New laws were being enacted to control emigration into the country.

(a) Animals emigrate in search of food from place to place.
(b) The family decided to emigrate to a safe and secure country. ✓
(c) Workers emigrate from province to province in search of seasonal jobs.
(d) New laws were being enacted to control emigration into the country.

Explanation: 'Emigrate' means to leave one's own country to settle permanently in another. Option (b) correctly uses it for a family leaving to settle in another country. Animals (a) migrate, not emigrate; workers moving between provinces (c) is internal migration; and option (d) confuses emigration (leaving) with immigration (entering).

Q.101 [Word Forms (List Matching)]

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List I: A. Noun, B. Verb, C. Present participle of verb, D. Adjective List II: 1. Intentional, 2. Intention, 3. Intend, 4. Intending

(a) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
(b) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
(c) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 ✓
(d) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2

Explanation: 'Intention' is the noun, 'Intend' is the verb, 'Intending' is the present participle, and 'Intentional' is the adjective. So A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1.

Q.102 [Word Forms (List Matching)]

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List I: A. Noun, B. Verb, C. Infinite form of verb, D. Adjective List II: 1. Experimental, 2. Experiment, 3. Experimentation, 4. To experiment

(a) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
(b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
(c) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
(d) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 ✓

Explanation: 'Experimentation' is the noun (abstract process), 'Experiment' is the base verb, 'To experiment' is the infinitive form, and 'Experimental' is the adjective. So A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1.

Q.103 [Word Forms (List Matching)]

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List I: A. Noun, B. Verb, C. Gerund, D. Adjective List II: 1. Discriminatory, 2. Discrimination, 3. Discriminate, 4. Discriminating

(a) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
(b) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
(c) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 ✓
(d) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2

Explanation: 'Discrimination' is the noun, 'Discriminate' is the verb, 'Discriminating' functions as a gerund (verb+ing used as noun), and 'Discriminatory' is the adjective. So A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1.

Q.104 [Word Forms (List Matching)]

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List I: A. Noun, B. Verb, C. Adverb, D. Adjective List II: 1. Suppose, 2. Supposed, 3. Supposition, 4. Supposedly

(a) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
(b) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 ✓
(c) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
(d) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

Explanation: 'Supposition' is the noun, 'Suppose' is the verb, 'Supposedly' is the adverb, and 'Supposed' is the adjective (as in 'the supposed culprit'). So A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2.

Q.105 [Word Forms (List Matching)]

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List I: A. Noun, B. Verb, C. Adverb, D. Adjective List II: 1. Justify, 2. Juridical, 3. Justice, 4. Just

(a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(b) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
(c) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
(d) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2 ✓

Explanation: 'Justice' is the noun, 'Justify' is the verb, 'Just' can function as an adverb (e.g., 'just in time'), and 'Juridical' is the adjective meaning relating to law. So A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2.

Q.106 [Word Forms (List Matching)]

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List I: A. Noun, B. Verb, C. Adverb, D. Adjective List II: 1. Straight, 2. Straightest, 3. Straighten, 4. Straightness

(a) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
(b) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
(c) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2 ✓
(d) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2

Explanation: 'Straightness' is the noun, 'Straighten' is the verb, 'Straight' functions as an adverb (e.g., 'go straight'), and 'Straightest' is the superlative adjective. So A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2.

Q.107 [Word Forms (List Matching)]

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List I: A. Noun, B. Verb, C. Gerund, D. Adjective List II: 1. Neglect, 2. Neglectfulness, 3. Neglecting, 4. Negligent

(a) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
(b) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 ✓
(c) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
(d) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

Explanation: 'Neglectfulness' is the abstract noun, 'Neglect' is the base verb, 'Neglecting' is the gerund (verb+ing as noun), and 'Negligent' is the adjective. So A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4.

Q.108 [Word Forms (List Matching)]

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List I: A. Noun, B. Verb, C. Adverb, D. Adjective List II: 1. Forbid, 2. Forbiddingly, 3. Forbiddance, 4. Forbidden

(a) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 ✓
(b) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
(c) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
(d) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

Explanation: 'Forbiddance' is the noun, 'Forbid' is the verb, 'Forbiddingly' is the adverb, and 'Forbidden' is the adjective. So A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4.

Q.109 [Word Forms (List Matching)]

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List I: A. Noun, B. Verb, C. Adverb, D. Adjective List II: 1. Hardy, 2. Hardness, 3. Harden, 4. Hard

(a) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
(b) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 ✓
(c) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
(d) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2

Explanation: 'Hardness' is the noun, 'Harden' is the verb, 'Hard' functions as an adverb (e.g., 'work hard'), and 'Hardy' is the adjective meaning robust/sturdy. So A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1.

Q.110 [Word Forms (List Matching)]

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List I: A. Noun, B. Verb, C. Adverb, D. Adjective List II: 1. Fastest, 2. Fasten, 3. Fastness, 4. Fast

(a) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
(b) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
(c) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 ✓
(d) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3

Explanation: 'Fastness' is the noun, 'Fasten' is the verb, 'Fast' can serve as an adverb (e.g., 'run fast'), and 'Fastest' is the superlative adjective. So A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1.

Q.111 [Cloze Test (Fill in the Blanks)]

A passage is given with blank spaces. Choose the most appropriate word to fill blank 111: '_____________ by the charm of Nature around him, man has expressed his appreciation of it in works of art produced by him.' (The blank requires a participial phrase showing that man was affected/moved by nature's charm.)

(a) Moved ✓
(b) Moving
(c) Having moved
(d) Moves

Explanation: 'Moved by the charm of Nature' is a past participial phrase indicating that man was affected/inspired by nature's charm, making 'Moved' (passive participle) the correct choice.

Q.112 [Cloze Test (Fill in the Blanks)]

A passage is given with blank spaces. Choose the most appropriate word to fill blank 112: 'This goes back to a time _____________ he was still a primitive being.'

(a) then
(b) when ✓
(c) till
(d) for

Explanation: The relative pronoun 'when' is used to introduce a relative clause that refers back to 'a time', making 'when he was still a primitive being' the correct construction.

Q.113 [Cloze Test (Fill in the Blanks)]

A passage is given with blank spaces. Choose the most appropriate word/phrase to fill blank 113: 'Nature _____________ a softening influence on him.'

(a) has
(b) have
(c) has had ✓
(d) had had

Explanation: The present perfect 'has had' is appropriate here because it indicates a continuing influence of nature on man from the past up to the present, which fits the context of the passage.

Q.114 [Cloze Test (Fill in the Blanks)]

A passage is given with blank spaces. Choose the most appropriate word to fill blank 114: 'The earliest paintings of the prehistoric age in the caves all over the world give us magnificent examples of the _____________ trained hand in man's savage state.'

(a) observing
(b) observance
(c) observant
(d) observation ✓

Explanation: 'Observation' as a noun fits the context — 'examples of the observation trained hand' meaning the keen observational skill of early man. The phrase refers to the observational power that trained their hands to paint accurately.

⚠ Answer needs review

Q.115 [Cloze Test (Fill in the Blanks)]

A passage is given with blank spaces. Choose the most appropriate word to fill blank 115: 'The colours chosen, the movement _____________ and the expressions the pictures are...'

(a) portraying
(b) portray
(c) portrayed ✓
(d) portrayal

Explanation: 'Portrayed' (past participle) is correct here as it forms part of a parallel participial construction: 'the movement portrayed' matches the pattern of 'the colours chosen' — both are past participial phrases modifying nouns.

Q.116 [Cloze Test (Fill in the Blanks)]

A passage is given with blank spaces. Choose the most appropriate word to fill blank 116: '...the expressions the pictures are _____________ with really make us marvel, even if all of them are not of the standard of the paintings at Altamira.'

(a) suffixed
(b) suffused ✓
(c) suffusing
(d) surfaced

Explanation: 'Suffused' means filled with or spread throughout, which makes contextual sense — 'the expressions the pictures are suffused with' means the emotional qualities permeating the paintings, making us marvel at them.

Q.117 [Cloze Test (Fill in the Blanks)]

A passage is given with blank spaces. Choose the most appropriate word to fill blank 117: '...even if all of them are not of the _____________ of the paintings at Altamira.'

(a) standard ✓
(b) standardised
(c) standards
(d) stand

Explanation: 'Standard' (singular noun) fits the idiomatic phrase 'of the standard of', meaning 'at the same quality level as' the Altamira cave paintings, which are renowned as among the finest prehistoric art.

Q.118 [Cloze Test (Fill in the Blanks)]

A passage is given with blank spaces. Choose the most appropriate word to fill blank 118: 'The prehistoric cave paintings in India give us a picture of life in those _____________ days of the early man in India.'

(a) far-off ✓
(b) far
(c) far-out
(d) far-fetched

Explanation: 'Far-off days' is the standard idiomatic expression meaning distant times in the past. 'Far-fetched' means implausible, 'far-out' means unconventional, and bare 'far' would be unidiomatic here.